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  • 29-Jul-26

UP TGT Exam (Advt. 01/2022) Result Announced | Subject-wise Cutoff Marks Released!

Official Notification

  • 29-Jul-26

Gujarat SET (GSET) 2026 Information Bulletin | Download Official PDF & Check Eligibility

Official Notification

  • 28-Jul-26

Chhattisgarh Assistant Teacher Recruitment (PRT) 2026 (LSAT26) | Detailed Notification Out | Check Syllabus, Eligibility & Apply Online

Official Notification

  • 28-Jul-26

UPSC Principal/Vice-Principal Recruitment 2026 | Notification Released | Apply Online

Official Notification

  • 24-Jul-26

Jharkhand Para Teacher Recruitment 2026 | Backlog Vacancy Notification Released

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  • 24-Jul-26

Jharkhand Para Teacher Recruitment 2026 | Regular Vacancy Notification Released

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  • 24-Jul-26

Chhattisgarh SET 2026 | Notification Released | Apply Now!

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  • 23-Jul-26

UP Assistant Professor Exam 2025 (Advt. No- 51) Interview Postponed | Official Notice

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  • 23-Jul-26

Bihar Contract Basis Assistant Professor 2026 | Subject-wise Cutoff Out

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  • 23-Jul-26

UPESSC Assistant Professor New Syllabus 2026 | Effective for Upcoming Exams

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  • 23-Jul-26

UPESSC Principal (UG/PG Colleges) Recruitment 2026 | Official Notification Released

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  • 23-Jul-26

UPESSC B.Ed. Assistant Professor 2026 | Exam Date Out!

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  • 15-Jul-26

UPESSC B.Ed. Assistant Professor 2026 | Form Date Extended | Official Notice

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  • 15-Jul-26

Uttarakhand TET 2026 Notification Out | Apply Online & Check Eligibility

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  • 15-Jul-26

RPSC School Lecturer 2026 | Special Education | Detailed Syllabus Released

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  • 09-Jul-26

HTET 2025 | Provisional Answer Key Released | Download PDF

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  • 09-Jul-26

UP PGT (Advt. 02/2022) | Category-wise Cutoff Marks Released

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  • 09-Jul-26

UP PGT (Advt. 02/2022) Final Result Released | Check Selection List

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  • 09-Jul-26

UPTET 2026 | Provisional Answer Key Released Officially

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  • 07-Jul-26

HPSC 2026 | PGT Computer Science | Result Out!

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  • 07-Jul-26

RPSC Grade-2 Senior Teacher 2025 | Official Notice | Vacancy Increased

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  • 04-Jul-26

Bihar Assistant Professor Vacancy 2026 | Contract Basis Recruitment | Detailed Notification

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  • 04-Jul-26

Bihar Assistant Professor Vacancy 2026 | Contract Basis Recruitment

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  • 01-Jul-26

HTET 2025 | Admit Card Released | Download Now

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  • 01-Jul-26

RPSC Grade-1 School Lecturer 2025 | Provisional Answer Key Released

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  • 01-Jul-26

UP TGT Exam (Advt. 01/2022) | Result Out | Check Now

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  • 30-Jun-26

UP Assistant Professor Exam 2025 (Advt. No-51) | Interview Schedule Released!

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  • 30-Jun-26

UPTET 2026 | Admit Card Out Now!

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  • 26-Jun-26

RPSC Grade-2 Senior Teacher Exam 2025 - Vacancy Increased - Check New Posts

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  • 25-Jun-26

UPESSC 2026 | Head Master Exam Syllabus PDF for Non-Government Aided & Minority Junior High School

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  • 25-Jun-26

UPESSC 2026 | Principal Exam Syllabus PDF for Non-Government Aided & Minority Intermediate Colleges

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  • 25-Jun-26

UPESSC 2026 | Principal Exam Syllabus PDF for Aided Degree Colleges

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  • 18-Jun-26

UGC-NET June 2026 | Admit Card Released | Download Now

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  • 18-Jun-26

ISRO SDSC SHAR Teacher Recruitment 2026 | Detailed Notification Released

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  • 17-Jun-26

HTET 2025 | Exam Date Announced Officially | Check Schedule

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  • 17-Jun-26

HPPSC Assistant Professor 2026 | Detailed Notification Out | Check Full Details

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  • 16-Jun-26

CTET September 2026 | Form Correction Window Open Officially

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  • 15-Jun-26

Rajasthan SET 2026 Detailed Notification Released | Check Full Details

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  • 10-Jun-26

UGC-NET June 2026 | City Intimation Update | Check Now

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  • 10-Jun-26

MPPSC Assistant Professor Exam 2025 | Apply Online Now

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  • 10-Jun-26

UP Assistant Professor Exam 2025 (Advt. No-51) | Result Out Now!

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  • 09-Jun-26

RPSC School Lecturer 2025 Exam & Agriculture PGT | Vacancy Increased Officially

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  • 08-Jun-26

UP TGT Exam (Advt. 01/2022) Provisional Answer Key Out | Check Now

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  • 06-Jun-26

UGC-NET June 2026 | Subject-Wise Examination Scheduled Released!

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  • 05-Jun-26

UPPSC GIC Lecturer 2025 | Admit Card Out | Download Now

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  • 05-Jun-26

UP PGT Exam (Advt. 02/2022) | Subject Wise Interview Programme Released

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  • 04-Jun-26

HTET 2025 | New Exam Date Announced

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  • 04-Jun-26

UPPSC Assistant Professor 2025 | GS Provisional Answer Key Out

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  • 03-Jun-26

Jharkhand TET 2026 Last Date Extended Again | Check New Deadline

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  • 03-Jun-26

UP PGT Exam (Advt. 02/2022) Result Declared | Check Now

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  • 03-Jun-26

UPPSC GIC Lecturer Exam 2025 | Date, Subject Wise & Shift Wise Schedule

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  • 01-Jun-26

DSSSB 2026 Recruitment Notification Released | Special Educator( TGT & PRT) | Computer Science (TGT)

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  • 01-Jun-26

Jharkhand TET 2026 | Important Form Filling Eligibility Update

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  • 28-May-26

RPSC School Lecturer 2026 | Special Education Exam Date Out

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  • 27-May-26

UGC-NET June 2026 | Edit Form Window Open | Important Update

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  • 26-May-26

RPSC Grade-2 Senior Teacher 2025 | Subject-Wise Exam Date Out!

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  • 25-May-26

UP TGT Exam (Advt. 01/2022) | Admit Card & Shift Wise Exam Schedule Released

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  • 25-May-26

RPSC School Lecturer 2026 | Special Education Detailed Advertisement Released

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  • 22-May-26

RPSC Grade-1 School Lecturer 2025 | Admit Card Alert

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  • 22-May-26

UPPSC Assistant Professor 2025 | Admit Card Out!

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  • 21-May-26

UGC-NET June 2026 Form Fill Date Extended | Check New Deadline!

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  • 21-May-26

Jharkhand TET 2026 Registration Date Extended | Apply Soon!

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  • 14-May-26

EMRS 2025 | Tier-II | OMR Response Sheet & Answer Key Out

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  • 14-May-26

KVS/NVS 2025 | Tier-II | OMR Response Sheet & Answer Key Out

Official Notification

  • 14-May-26

RPSC Assistant Professor 2025 | Vacancy Increased | Check New Posts

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  • 14-May-26

RPSC Assistant Professor 2025 | Vacancy Increased | Check Latest Notice

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  • 11-May-26

CTET September 2026 Information Bulletin | Exam Details & Guidelines

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  • 11-May-26

CTET September 2026 Notification Out | Apply Online Now!

Official Notification

  • 11-May-26

HPSC 2026 | PGT Computer Science | Admit Card Released!

Official Notification

  • 11-May-26

RSSB REET Mains Level-1 (Primary Teacher) | Amended Advt 08/2025

Official Notification

  • 06-May-26

RPSC Grade-2 Senior Teacher Exam 2025 | Exam Date Announced

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  • 05-May-26

UP LT Grade 2025 Mains Exam Postponed | Check New Dates!

Official Notification

  • 05-May-26

UPPSC GIC Lecturer 2025 Postponed | Check New Date!

Official Notification

  • 02-May-26

UPTET July 2026 Update | High Court Verdict on D.El.Ed. (ODL) Eligibility

Official Notification

  • 02-May-26

HP TET 2026 Notification Out | Full Details & Apply Now

Official Notification

  • 02-May-26

BPSC AEDO 2025 Exam Cancelled | Latest Official Update

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  • 30-Apr-26

UGC-NET June 2026 | Official Notification

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  • 30-Apr-26

UP PGT Exam (Advt. 02/2022) | Exam Schedule Released

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  • 30-Apr-26

UPTET 2026 Registration Date Extended | Check Revised Schedule

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  • 30-Apr-26

UPESSC B.Ed. Assistant Professor Recruitment 2026 | Full Notification Released

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  • 30-Apr-26

Bihar B.Ed. Combined Entrance Test 2026 | Apply Now

Official Notification

  • 15-Apr-26

UPPSC GIC Lecturer 2025 | New Exam Date

Official Notification

  • 14-Apr-26

RPSC Grade-1 School Lecturer 2025 | Subject-Wise Exam Date Out!

Official Notification

  • 08-Apr-26

UP Assistant Professor Exam (Advt. No-51) | Re-Exam Schedule

Official Notification

  • 04-Apr-26

BPSC AEDO Exam 2025 | Admit Card Out!

Official Notification

  • 01-Apr-26

CTET Feb. 2026 | Result Announced

Official Notification

  • 01-Apr-26

HPSC 2026 | PGT Computer Science | Exam Date Announced

Official Notification

  • 30-Mar-26

Jharkhand TET 2026 | Advertisement Released

Official Notification

  • 30-Mar-26

Jharkhand TET 2026 | Detailed Notification

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  • 30-Mar-26

Jharkhand TET 2026 | Syllabus

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  • 26-Mar-26

KVS-NVS 2025 | Tier-II Admit Card Out!

Official Notification

  • 24-Mar-26

Chhattisgarh TET 2026 Result Announced – Check Now

Official Notification

  • 24-Mar-26

Jharkhand Eligibility Test (JET) 2025 | Exam Rescheduled

Official Notification

  • 24-Mar-26

RPSC Grade-1 School Lecturer 2025 | Correction Window Open

Official Notification

  • 24-Mar-26

UPTET 2026 | Detailed Notification Out | Check Complete Syllabus

Official Notification

  • 24-Mar-26

UPTET 2026 | Short Advertisement Published!

Official Notification

  • 19-Mar-26

EMRS 2025 | Tier-II Admit Card Released

Official Notification

  • 11-Mar-26

KVS/NVS 2025 | Tier-II Revised Exam Date Announced

Official Notification

  • 05-Mar-26

MPPSC Assistant Professor 2025 | Exam Pattern

Official Notification

  • 05-Mar-26

MPPSC Assistant Professor 2025 | GS Syllabus (Subject-wise Breakdown)

Official Notification

  • 03-Mar-26

EMRS 2025 | Tier-II City Intimation Update | Check Now

Official Notification

  • 02-Mar-26

KVS/NVS 2025 | Tier-II Exam Date Announced

Official Notification

  • 27-Feb-26

BPSC AEDO 2025 | Updated Exam Schedule

Official Notification

  • 25-Feb-26

EMRS 2025 | Tier-II Examination Schedule

Official Notification

  • 25-Feb-26

CTET Feb. 2026 Exam Update | Re-Exam Conducted at 2 Centres

Official Notification

  • 18-Feb-26

BPSC 2026 | Examination Calendar

Official Notification

  • 07-Feb-26

EMRS 2025 | Tier-I Cut Off Marks (Subject & Category Wise)

Official Notification

  • 06-Feb-26

HPSC 2026 | PGT Computer Science | Detailed Notification

Official Notification

  • 05-Feb-26

UGC-NET December 2025 | Cut Off Marks (Subject & Category Wise)

Official Notification

  • 05-Feb-26

UGC-NET 2025 December | Result Declared

Official Notification

  • 05-Feb-26

CTET Feb. 2026 | Exam Schedule Official Notice

Official Notification

  • 05-Feb-26

EMRS 2025 | Tier-I Result Declared!

Official Notification

  • 05-Feb-26

EMRS 2025 | PGT | Tier-I Final Answer Key Released

Official Notification

  • 05-Feb-26

EMRS 2025 | TGT | Tier-I Final Answer Key Released

Official Notification

  • 02-Feb-26

KVS/NVS 2025 | Tier-I Exam | Provision to download the OMR Answer Sheet & Answer Keys

Official Notification

  • 31-Jan-26

UPPSC 2026 | Examination Calendar

Official Notification

  • 29-Jan-26

UPTET 2026 | Primary Level (1 to 5) | Exam Pattern & Updated Syllabus

Official Notification

  • 29-Jan-26

UPTET 2026 | Upper Primary Level (6 to 8) | Exam Pattern & Updated Syllabus

Official Notification

  • 29-Jan-26

SUPER TET 2026 | Syllabus

Official Notification

  • 21-Jan-26

UPESSC 2026 | Exam Calendar | UPTET & More

Official Notification

  • 21-Jan-26

KVS-NVS 2025 | Tier-II Detailed Updated Syllabus

Official Notification

  • 14-Jan-26

BPSC AEDO Exam 2025 | Revised Exam Date

Official Notification

  • 12-Jan-26

DSSSB 2026 | Examination Schedule | Feb to May

Official Notification

  • 07-Jan-26

EMRS 2025 | Tier-I | Provision to Download OMR & Answer Key

Official Notification

  • 07-Jan-26

JPSC 2026 Exam Calendar | JET Exam Date Announced!

Official Notification

  • 07-Jan-26

UP LT Grade Exam 2025 | Admit Card Released

Official Notification

  • 07-Jan-26

BPSC Special Education Teacher Recruitment 2025 | Examination Schedule

Official Notification

  • 06-Jan-26

KVS–NVS 2025 | Compensatory Time for PwBD Candidates

Official Notification

  • 06-Jan-26

EMRS 2025 | TGT Tier-I | Provisional Answer Key Released

Official Notification

  • 06-Jan-26

EMRS 2025 | PGT Tier-I | Provisional Answer Key Released

Official Notification

  • 31-Dec-25

MP SET 2025 | Revised Exam Date Announced!

Official Notification

  • 31-Dec-25

UKPSC Lecturer 2025 | Advertisement!

Official Notification

  • 31-Dec-25

UKPSC Lecturer 2025 | Detailed Notification!

Official Notification

  • 31-Dec-25

UKPSC Lecturer 2025 | Detailed Syllabus!

Official Notification

  • 30-Dec-25

BPSC AEDO 2025 | Exam Postponed!

Official Notification

  • 30-Dec-25

RSSB REET Mains Level-1 & 2 | Examination Schedule Released!

Official Notification

  • 29-Dec-25

KVS/NVS 2025 | Tier-I Examination Schedule Out!

Official Notification

  • 29-Dec-25

RPSC 2026 | Examination Calendar Released!

Official Notification

  • 26-Dec-25

CTET-2026 | Form Completion Date Extended

Official Notification

  • 26-Dec-25

DSSSB- 2025-26 | PRT-TGT-PGT Examination Dates Released

Official Notification

  • 25-Dec-25

HTET 2025 | Detailed Notification Released!

Official Notification

  • 24-Dec-25

BPSC AEDO 2025 | Examination Schedule!

Official Notification

  • 18-Dec-25

MP SET 2025 Postponed!

Notification

  • 18-Dec-25

UGC-NET December 2025 Subject-Wise Examination Schedule Released!

Notification

  • 18-Dec-25

EMRS 2025 | Tier II | Detailed TGT Syllabus

Notification

  • 18-Dec-25

EMRS 2025 | Tier II | Detailed PGT Syllabus

Notification

  • 12-Dec-25

KVS/NVS Recruitment 2025 | Vacancy Revision Notification

Notification

  • 12-Dec-25

UP LT Grade Exam 2025 | Pre Answer Key Released | Hindi

Notification

  • 12-Dec-25

UP LT Grade Exam 2025 | Pre Answer Key Released | Mathematics

Notification

  • 12-Dec-25

UP LT Grade Exam 2025 | Pre Answer Key Released | Science

Notification

  • 02-Dec-25

CTET 2026 | Examination City Allotment Notice

Notification

  • 27-Nov-25

CTET 2026 | Detailed Notification Out!

Official Notification

  • 26-Nov-25

EMRS 2025 | Tier-I Examination Schedule

Notification

  • 25-Nov-25

KVS-NVS 2025 | Tier-II Detailed Syllabus

Notification

  • 24-Nov-25

KVS/NVS 2025 Tier-I Exam Date Announced | Official Update

Notification

  • 24-Nov-25

Dadra & Nagar Haveli + Daman & Diu Primary and Upper Primary Teacher Recruitment 2025 | Detailed Advt.

Notification

  • 24-Nov-25

Bihar STET 2025 Provisional Answer Key Out | Challenge Window Open

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  • 24-Nov-25

WB Primary Teacher Vacancy 2025 | Detailed Advertisement Released

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  • 19-Nov-25

UP TGT Exam (Advt. 01/2022) Postponement Notice

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  • 14-Nov-25

NVS–KVS Recruitment 2025 | Joint Detailed Notification Released | Teaching & Non Teaching Vacancies

Notification

  • 14-Nov-25

Chhattisgarh TET 2026 | Notification Released!

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  • 13-Nov-25

KVS & NVS 2025 | Short Notification | Teaching & Non Teaching Vacancies

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  • 10-Nov-25

RPSC Assistant Professor 2025 | Exam Schedule

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  • 10-Nov-25

RSSB REET Mains Level-1 (Primary Teacher) | Detailed Advt 08/2025

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  • 10-Nov-25

RSSB REET Mains Level-2 (Upper Primary Teacher) | Detailed Advt 09/2025

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  • 10-Nov-25

WBSSC 2nd SLST (Asst. Teacher) Written Exam Result 2025 Out!

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  • 27-Oct-25

UP LT Grade Exam 2025 | Date Sheet

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  • 24-Oct-25

EMRS Recruitment 2025 | Last Date to Apply Extended

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  • 24-Oct-25

CTET 2025 | Exam Schedule Announced

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  • 16-Oct-25

MP SET 2025 Detailed Notification | Eligibility, Syllabus & Exam Date

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  • 13-Oct-25

UGC-NET December 2025 | Exam Schedule

Official Notification

  • 10-Oct-25

EMRS Recruitment 2025 | Exam Dates Declared

Official Notification

  • 08-Oct-25

UGC-NET December 2025 | Official Notification

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  • 03-Oct-25

DSSSB TGT 2025 Advertisement | Official Notification

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  • 01-Oct-25

MP SET 2025 | Complete Subject List

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  • 30-Sep-25

UP PGT Exam (Advt. 02/2022) Postponement Notice

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  • 22-Sep-25

UP LT Grade Exam 2025 : Date Sheet

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  • 22-Sep-25

EMRS Detailed Notification for Teaching & Non-Teaching Posts 2025

Official Notification

  • 19-Sep-25

Bihar STET 2025 Application Form Released – Apply Online

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  • 11-Sep-25

DSSSB PRT Recruitment 2025 - Detailed Advertisement

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  • 10-Sep-25

BPSC AEDO 2025 - Detailed Advertisement

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  • 10-Sep-25

Himachal Pradesh TET 2025 Official Notification

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  • 10-Sep-25

Jharkhand Eligibility Test (JET) 2025 - Detailed Notification

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  • 10-Sep-25

Bihar STET 2025 - Short Notification

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  • 04-Sep-25

UPPSC Assistant Professor 2025 (Govt. Degree College) Abridged Advertisement

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  • 04-Sep-25

BPSC TRE 4.0 Exam Date Announced – Official Update!

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  • 04-Sep-25

UPPSC Assistant Professor Exam 2025 - Detailed Advertisement

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  • 01-Sep-25

RPSC Senior Teacher (TGT) 2024 Exam Date – Check Official Schedule

notification

  • 29-Aug-25

RPSC School Lecturer (PGT) Agriculture 2025 – Detailed Notification

notification

  • 21-Aug-25

DSSSB TGT CS Vacancies Out | RTI Update

notification

  • 19-Aug-25

EMRS Raigarh (CG) Part-Time Guest Teacher Vacancy 2025

notification

  • 12-Aug-25

UPPSC GIC Lecturer 2025 Short Advertisement

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  • 12-Aug-25

UPPSC GIC Lecturer Detailed Notification 2025

notification

  • 07-Aug-25

CTET Updated FAQs 2025

Official Notification

  • 06-Aug-25

Marks released and e-dossier called for PGT (Economics)-Male, Post Code 809/23, DOE & NDMC

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  • 04-Aug-25

DSSSB TGT Special Education Teacher Detailed Advertisement

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  • 01-Aug-25

HTET Level-1 Provisional Answer Key 2024

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  • 01-Aug-25

HTET Level-2 Provisional Answer Key 2024

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  • 01-Aug-25

HTET Level-3 Provisional Answer Key 2024

Official Notification

  • 30-Jul-25

UP Aided Colleges TGT/PGT Vacancy Data Requested by Directorate

Official Notification

  • 30-Jul-25

Samagra Shiksha, Chandigarh | JBT Advertisement 2025

Official Notification

  • 28-Jul-25

EMRS Recruitment 2025 | Response to Parliamentary Question

Official Notification...

  • 28-Jul-25

UP LT Grade 2025 Detailed Notification

Official Notification...

  • 25-Jul-25

UP TGT / UP TET Exam Update

Official Notification...

  • 25-Jul-25

WBSSC Notifies Exam Dates for 2nd SLST 2025

Official Notification...

  • 24-Jul-25

KVS-NVS School Vacancies State-UT-Wise – Parliament Response

Official Notification...

  • 23-Jul-25

RPSC Grade-1 School Lecturer Detailed Notification 2025 Released

Official Notification...

  • 23-Jul-25

RPSC Grade-2 Senior Teacher Detailed Notification 2025 Released

Official Notification...

  • 22-Jul-25

Declaration of results of UGC-NET June 2025

Official Notification...

  • 21-Jul-25

UP LT Grade Short Advertisement 2025

Official Notification...

  • 06-Jun-25

UGC-NET June 2025 Exam Schedule

UGC-NET June 2025 Exam Schedule

  • 20-Dec-24

UGC-NET December 2024: Exam Schedule

Official Notification

  • 12-Dec-24

REET 2024 Advertisement

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  • 20-Nov-24

UGC-NET Dec. 2024 - Online Application

Official Notification

  • 17-Sep-24

CTET December 2024 : Information Bulletin

CTET December 2024 : Information Bulletin

  • 12-Sep-24

UGC-NET June 2024 Answer Key Challenge (27 August-5 September)

Official Notification

  • 09-Sep-24

UGC-NET Answer Key Challenge (21-23 August)

Official Notification

  • 02-Aug-24

UGC-NET June 2024 - Exam Schedule

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  • 01-Aug-24

CTET JULY 2024: Public Notice on Result

Official Notification

  • 01-Jul-24

Revised Date of UGC-NET June 2024

Official Notification

  • 20-Jun-24

Cancellation of UGC-NET June 2024

Official Notification

  • 07-Jun-24

UGC NET June 2024: Allotment of Examination City

Official Notification...

  • 07-Jun-24

CTET July 2024: Information Bulletin

CTET

Concept Cards  

Types of Human Dwellings Adapted to Different Geographical Conditions

  • Human shelters are designed according to local climate, landforms, available resources, and lifestyle. As a result, different regions have distinct types of houses.  

    Stone and Wooden Houses 

    • These houses are commonly found in mountainous regions that receive heavy rainfall and snowfall.  
    • They are widely seen in Manali (Himachal Pradesh) and the Kashmir Valley.  
    • Constructed from stone and wood, these houses have sloping roofs that allow rainwater and snow to slide off easily.  
    • Traditional Kashmiri houses often feature beautiful wooden carvings and uniquely designed windows.  

    Houseboats 

    • Houseboats are floating dwellings built primarily from wood.  
    • They are famous in Dal Lake of Kashmir and the backwaters of Kerala.  
    • These boats are decorated with intricate woodwork and are important tourist attractions.  

    High-Rise Buildings 

    • High-rise buildings are common in metropolitan cities and large urban areas where land is limited.  
    • They are constructed using durable materials such as bricks, cement, steel, and concrete.  
    • These buildings accommodate a large number of residents within a limited space.  

    Donga 

    • Dongas are boat-like dwellings found in Dal Lake, Kashmir.  
    • They serve both residential and transportation purposes.  

    Tent Houses 

    • Tent houses are temporary shelters made of cloth, plastic, or animal hair.  
    • They are commonly used by mountaineers and nomadic communities.  
    • The Changpa tribe of Ladakh uses cone-shaped tents called “Rebo,” woven from yak hair.  

    Igloos 

    • Igloos are found in extremely cold polar regions.  
    • They are built from compact blocks of snow.  
    • The snow acts as an insulator, helping retain heat and maintain a relatively warm interior.
    • Human dwellings are adapted to local environmental conditions and reflect the remarkable ability of humans to adjust to diverse geographical settings. 

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

    • The Theory of Multiple Intelligences was proposed by the American psychologist Howard Gardner in 1983.
    • According to this theory, intelligence is not a single ability but a collection of several independent intelligences.
    • Gardner believed that every individualpossessesa unique combination of intelligences. 
    • The theory emphasizes understanding and respecting individual differences.
    • Initially, Gardneridentifiedseven intelligences; later the number was expanded to eight and then nine. 
    • Linguistic Intelligence– The ability to use language effectively for speaking, reading, and writing. 
    • Logical-Mathematical Intelligence– The ability to reason, calculate, and solve problems. 
    • Visual-Spatial Intelligence– The ability to understand images, shapes, and spatial relationships. 
    • Musical Intelligence– The ability to recognize, create, and appreciate music, rhythm, and melody. 
    • Bodily-KinestheticIntelligence – The ability to use body movements skillfully and effectively. 
    • Interpersonal Intelligence– The ability to understand the feelings, intentions, and behaviors of others. 
    • Intrapersonal Intelligence– The ability to understand oneself, including self-awareness and self-regulation. 
    • Naturalistic Intelligence– The ability to recognize and understand nature, plants, animals, and the environment. 
    • Existential Intelligence– The ability to think deeply about life, death, existence, and the universe. 
    • This theory suggests that all students do not learn in the same way.
    • Teachers should use diverse teaching methods to develop the potential of every learner.
    • The theory promotes inclusive education, child-centeredteaching, and differentiated learning.
    • It helpsidentifythe hidden talents and strengths of students. 
    • In modern education, this theory is consideredhighly importantfor holistic development and skill-based learning. 

Edward Soja

  • Edward William Soja (1940–2015) was a renowned American geographer, urban theorist, and critical social scientist. He is best known for his groundbreaking contributions to human geography, urban studies, postmodern theory, and spatial analysis. Soja played a pivotal role in bringing the concept of space to the center of social and cultural theory, arguing that geographical space is as important as history and society in understanding human life. His work significantly influenced disciplines such as literary studies, cultural studies, architecture, sociology, and urban planning. 

    • Early Life and Academic Career 

    Edward Soja was born on November 30, 1940, in New York, United States. He pursued higher education in geography and later became a professor at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he taught urban planning and geography for several decades. 

    Throughout his academic career, Soja explored the relationship between geography, politics, economics, and culture. He became one of the leading figures in the development of critical geography and postmodern urban theory. 

    • The Concept of Spatiality 

    One of Soja’s most influential contributions is his emphasis on spatiality—the idea that space is socially produced and actively shapes human experiences. Traditionally, social sciences focused mainly on history (time) and society, often neglecting space. Soja argued that spatial relations are equally important in understanding social structures and cultural practices. 

    His work encouraged scholars to examine how cities, regions, and landscapes influence human behavior, identity, and power relations. 

    • Thirdspace: Soja’s Most Famous Concept 

    Soja is particularly known for developing the concept of Thirdspace, inspired by Henri Lefebvre. 

    According to Soja: 

    • Firstspace refers to the physical and material world. 
    • Secondspace refers to mental representations and imagined spaces. 
    • Thirdspace combines both reality and imagination, creating a dynamic space where social, cultural, and political experiences interact. 

    Thirdspace provides a framework for understanding how people experience and interpret the world beyond simple physical boundaries. The concept has become highly influential in literary criticism, postcolonial studies, and cultural theory. 

    • Major Works
    • Postmodern Geographies (1989) 

    This influential work challenged traditional geographical thinking and introduced postmodern perspectives into geography. 

    • Thirdspace (1996) 

    His most famous book, in which he elaborates the concept of Thirdspace and explores its implications for culture, politics, and urban life. 

    • Seeking Spatial Justice (2010) 

    In this work, Soja examines issues of inequality and justice through a spatial lens, arguing that social justice also has a geographical dimension. 

    • Influence on Literary and Cultural Studies 

    Soja’s theories have been widely adopted in literary and cultural studies. Scholars use the concept of Thirdspace to analyze representations of cities, identities, migration, globalization, and postcolonial experiences. His work helps critics understand how spaces are not merely settings but active forces shaping narratives and social relations. 

    • Legacy 

    Edward Soja transformed contemporary thinking about geography and space. By emphasizing the importance of spatial analysis, he broadened the scope of social and cultural theory. His concepts continue to influence researchers in geography, urban planning, architecture, sociology, and literary criticism. 

    • Conclusion 

    Edward Soja remains one of the most important theorists of space in the modern era. His concepts of spatiality, Thirdspace, and spatial justice revolutionized the study of geography and culture. Through his innovative ideas, he demonstrated that understanding space is essential for understanding society, power, and human experience. 

Major Festivals of India and Their Associated States

  • India is a land of diverse cultures, languages, and traditions. Its festivals reflect the country's rich cultural, religious, and social heritage.

    Festival 

    Associated State/Region 

    Key Feature 

    Baisakhi 

    Punjab 

    Harvest festival and foundation of the Khalsa (1699) 

    Bihu 

    Assam 

    Three major agricultural festivals 

    Onam 

    Kerala 

    Harvest festival commemorating King Mahabali 

    Pongal 

    Tamil Nadu 

    Four-day harvest festival 

    Ugadi 

    Andhra Pradesh, Telangana & Karnataka 

    Traditional New Year 

    Durga Puja 

    West Bengal 

    Worship of Goddess Durga 

    Chhath Puja 

    Bihar, Eastern Uttar Pradesh & Jharkhand 

    Worship of the Sun God 

    Ganesh Chaturthi 

    Maharashtra 

    Celebration of Lord Ganesha's birth 

    Gangaur 

    Rajasthan 

    Worship of Lord Shiva and Goddess Gauri 

    Mysuru Dasara 

    Karnataka 

    Grand celebration of Vijayadashami 

    Rath Yatra 

    Puri, Odisha 

    Chariot festival of Lord Jagannath 

    Krishna Janmashtami 

    Mathura–Vrindavan, Uttar Pradesh 

    Birth anniversary of Lord Krishna 

    Karma Festival 

    Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh & Odisha 

    Tribal harvest festival 

    Losar 

    Ladakh, Arunachal Pradesh & Sikkim 

    Tibetan Buddhist New Year 

    Yaoshang 

    Manipur 

    Major spring festival of Manipur 

    Chapchar Kut 

    Mizoram 

    Major harvest festival of the Mizo community 

    Kharchi Puja 

    Tripura 

    Worship of the Fourteen Deities 

    Shigmo 

    Goa 

    Spring and folk cultural festival 

    Bahu Mela 

    Jammu & Kashmir 

    Fair held at the Bahu Fort Kali Temple 

    Sammakka-Saralamma Jatara 

    Telangana 

    One of the world's largest tribal religious gatherings 

    Goga Navami 

    Haryana, Rajasthan & Punjab 

    Worship of the folk deity Gogaji 

    Major National Festivals 

    • Holiis celebrated across India on the full moon day of the month of Phalguna. 
    • Diwaliis celebrated throughout India on the new moon day (Amavasya) of Kartika. 
    • Eid-ul-Fitr, Christmas, Guru Nanak Jayanti, Mahavir Jayanti, and Buddha Purnimaare also among India's major nationally celebrated festivals. 

National Symbols: National Flag and State Emblem of India

    • National symbolsrepresentthe identity, sovereignty, dignity, and cultural heritage of a nation. India's National Flag and State Emblem symbolize national unity, democracy, and the ideals of the Constitution. 
    • TheNational Flag (Tiranga)was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947. 
    • The design of the National Flag is based on the flag proposed byPingali Venkayya.
    • The National Flag is rectangular, with alength-to-width ratio of 3:2.
    • It consists ofthree equal horizontal bands—Saffronat the top, White in the middle, and Green at the bottom. 
    • At the centre of the white band is anavy blueAshoka Chakra with 24 spokes. 
    • The Ashoka Chakra is derived from theDharma Chakrafound on the Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath. 
    • The saffron colourrepresentscourage, sacrifice, and selflessness; the white colour symbolizes truth, peace, and purity; and the green colour signifies prosperity, growth, and nature. 
    • The use and display of the National Flag are governed by theFlag Code of India, 2002, along with other relevant legal provisions.
    • TheState Emblem of Indiais adopted from the Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath. 
    • The State Emblem was officially adopted by the Government of India on26 January 1950.
    • The emblem consists offour Asiatic lions, althoughonly three are visible in the official representation. 
    • The circular abacus below the lions depicts the figures of anelephant, horse, bull, and lion, separated byDharma Chakras. 
    • Below the abacus is the national motto"Satyameva Jayate."
    • "Satyameva Jayate"is taken from the Mundaka Upanishad and means "Truth Alone Triumphs." 
    • The National Flag and the State Emblem may be used onlyin accordance withprescribed laws and constitutional provisions. 
    • Respecting the National Flag and the State Emblem is the fundamental duty of every Indian citizen.
    • These national symbolsrepresentIndia's freedom, democratic values, national pride, and integrity. 
    • They inspire patriotism, national unity, and respect for constitutional values among citizens.
    • Thus, the National Flag and the State Emblem are enduring symbols of India's sovereignty, cultural heritage, and national identity.











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