Press Trust of India

• Introduction to PTI 

  • Press Trust of India (PTI) is the largest news agency in India. 
  • Registered on: 27 August 1947 
  • Began operations: 1 February 1949 
  • Headquartered in: New Delhi 

  News Delivery & Technology 

  • Delivers news directly via INSAT satellite transponder. 
  • Connected to customers through the Internet. 
  • Provides news through teleprinter services and computers. 

  Organizational Structure 

  • A non-profit cooperative organization. 
  • Operated and managed by Indian newspapers. 
  • Provides news in both English and Hindi. 
  • Hindi service is named ‘Bhasha’. 

  Journalistic Reach & Coverage 

  • Employs around 400 journalists across the country. 
  • Supported by approximately 500 stringers (freelance reporters) in districts and small towns. 
  • Publishes over 2,000 news items and more than 200 photographs daily. 
  • Holds a 90% share of India’s news agency market. 

  Global News Exchange & Collaborations 

  • Gives special focus to Asian news. 
  • Engages in news exchange with: 
    • Reuters 
    • United Press International (UPI) 
    • Agence France-Presse (AFP) 

  International Partnerships & Initiatives 

  • Has agreements with over 100 national and international news agencies. 
  • Co-founded Asia Pulse International in Singapore to create an online databank of business and economic updates for Asia. 
  • Is a member of ‘Asianet’, a cooperative network of 12 Asia-Pacific news agencies. 

Major Books and Writers of the Mughal Period

• Book	Language	Writer
  Tuzuk-e-Babri (Baburnama)	Turkish	Babur
  Humayunnama	Persian	Gulbadan Begum
  Tarikh-e-Rashidi	Persian	Mirza Haider Dughlat
  Tazkirat-ul-Waqiat	Persian	Johar Aftawachi
  Waqiat-e-Mushtaqi	Persian	Rizqullah Mushtaqi
  Tohfa-e-Akbarshahi (Tarikh-e-Shershahi)	Persian	Abbas Khan Sherwani
  Akbarnama	Persian	Abul Fazal
  Tabakat-e-Akbari	Persian	Nizamuddin Ahmad
  Tuzuk-e-Jahangiri	Persian	Jahangir, Motamid Khan, Hadi Khan
  Padshahnama	Persian	Muhammad Amin Kazvini
  Shahjahannama	Persian	Inayat Khan
  Mazam-ul-Behrain	Persian	Dara Shikoh

   

Press Information Bureau (PIB)

• Introduction 

  • The Press Information Bureau (PIB) was established in 1919 as a small cell. 
  • Today, PIB operates with eight regional offices (Chennai, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Chandigarh, Guwahati, Lucknow, Kolkata, and Bhopal) and 34 branch offices across India. 

  Role and Function 

  • PIB serves as the nodal agency for disseminating information on the government’s policies, programmes, initiatives, and achievements to the print and electronic media. 
  • It communicates through various mediums such as: 
    • Press releases 
    • Press notes 
    • Special articles 
    • Reference materials 
    • Photographs and video clips 
    • Press statements and conferences 
    • Interviews 
    • Databases available on the official PIB website 

  Language and Media Reach 

  • Information is published in English, Hindi, Urdu, and 13 regional languages. 
  • PIB reaches out to approximately 8,400 newspapers and media organizations nationwide. 

  Ministry Coordination 

  • PIB officers are not only attached to their respective ministries but also actively promote the ministries' work through various media channels. 

  Organizational Structure 

  • PIB is headquartered in New Delhi. 
  • It is headed by the Principal Director General (Media and Communication). 
  • The hierarchy also includes a Deputy Director General and eight Additional Directors General. 

  Digital and Social Media Outreach 

  • In addition to its services on X (formerly Twitter) and YouTube, PIB has expanded to platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Vine, enhancing its reach to a wider digital audience. 
  • The official PIB website is accessible in Hindi, English, and Urdu. 

  Journalist Welfare Scheme 

  • The Journalist Welfare Scheme is an initiative of PIB aimed at providing financial relief to journalists and their families. 
  • Under the revised scheme: 
    • A one-time ex-gratia assistance of ₹5 lakh may be granted in cases of death or permanent disability. 
    • Financial support can also be extended in cases of severe illnesses (e.g., cancer, brain hemorrhage) or accidents. 
    • Relief is provided only in situations of extreme hardship or distress. 

   

Isobar

• An isobar is an imaginary line drawn on a map that joins places with equal air pressure measured at sea level. 

  The horizontal distribution of air pressure on the Earth’s surface is studied using isobar lines. 

  The spacing between isobar lines indicates the direction and rate of change in air pressure, which is known as the pressure gradient. 

  • When isobar lines are close together, the pressure gradient is high. 
  • When isobar lines are far apart, the pressure gradient is low. 

  This pressure difference generates a force called the air pressure gradient force (also known as the barometric gradient), which causes the horizontal movement of air (wind). 

  • Its unit is the millibar (mb). 
  • The greater the pressure gradient, the faster the wind speed. 

  Due to the rotation of the Earth, a deflective force known as the Coriolis force acts on moving air. 
  As a result, winds do not cross isobars at right angles, but rather at acute angles, causing them to curve in their path. 

Migration

• Migration refers to the movement of human populations from one geographical unit to another due to natural, economic, social and cultural reasons. 

  • Migration records in India began with the first Census of 1881. 
  • Initially, migration was recorded based on birthplace. A major amendment was made in the 1961 Census, adding two components: 
    • Place of birth (village or town) 
    • Duration of residence (if born elsewhere) 
  • In 1971, additional details about the place of last residence and duration of stay at the place of enumeration were included. 
  • The 1981 Census introduced data on reasons for migration, which has been revised in subsequent censuses. 
  • Migration in the Census of India is calculated on two bases: 
    • Place of birth – If the place of birth is different from the place of enumeration (Lifelong Migrant). 
    • Place of residence – If the previous place of residence is different from the place of enumeration (Migrant from Previous Place of Residence). 
  • According to the 2011 Census, out of 121 crore people, 45.6 crore (37%) were migrants based on their previous place of residence. 

  Types of Migration 

  Although migration classification is complex, it can be broadly divided into the following categories: 

  • Inter-continental Migration – Movement from one continent to another, e.g., people from developing countries migrating to developed countries. 
  • International Migration – Movement between two different countries within the same continent, e.g., a large number of Chinese people settling in Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia. 
  • Inter-provincial Migration – Migration from one state to another, e.g., migration from Bihar to Delhi. 
  • Local Migration – Migration within the same state, e.g., rural-to-urban migration within a province. 
  • The place of origin refers to where people migrate from, leading to a decrease in population there. 
  • The place of destination refers to where people migrate to, causing a population increase at that location.