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Concept Cards  

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO)

  • A Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) is a voluntary, non-profit social organization composed of individuals, volunteers, and social workers dedicated to social welfare and development. These organizations function independently of government control and aim to uplift communities, particularly the marginalized and underprivileged sections of society, on social, economic, and political levels. Their ultimate goal is to integrate disadvantaged groups into the mainstream and improve their standard of living. 

    Notable examples of NGOs include: CRY, Smile Foundation, Oxfam, Darpan, Care India, and Indian Environmental Society. 

    Key Characteristics of NGOs 

    • NGOs may operate with or without remuneration/honorarium. 
    • They follow a formal structure with registered rules, appointed officers, and defined working methods. 
    • NGOs maintain a regular office setup with fixed working hours. 
    • They may also function like voluntary organizations, choosing to work without pay. 
    • While they decide their operational goals, the funding institutions control the timeline of their activities. 

    Legal Framework Governing NGOs in India 

    NGOs in India are registered under various Acts such as: 

    • Societies Registration Act, 1860 
    • Indian Trusts Act, 1882 
    • Co-operative Societies Act, 1904 
    • Trade Unions Act, 1926 (corrected year) 
    • Indian Companies Act, 2013 

    Regulation of NGOs 

    • Foreign contributions to NGOs are governed by the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act, 2010 (FCRA, 2010). 
    • The FCRA prohibits foreign donations for any activities that may threaten national interests. 
    • NGOs can accept foreign funds for research, training, awareness programs, disaster relief, and charitable infrastructure maintenance. 
    • The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) oversees the monitoring of foreign grants/donations through the FCRA. 
    • Recently, the MHA proposed limiting its direct control over foreign contributions, aiming for a more structured and transparent regulatory process. 

Sahitya Akademi

  • The Sahitya Akademi was established as an autonomous institution on 12 March 1954. It is a fully funded institution under the Government of India and was registered on 7 January 1956 under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. 

    Key Features 

    • Every year, the Akademi confers awards on literary works in twenty-four recognized languages. Additionally, it also honours outstanding translations among these languages. 
    • The primary objective of the Akademi is to promote the continuous development of Indian literature through publications, translations, seminars and workshops. It also conducts cultural exchange programs and literary conferences across the country. 
    • Sahitya Akademi bestows prestigious honours on distinguished writers, such as: 
      • Sahitya Akademi Honorary Fellowship 
      • Anand Fellowship 
      • Premchand Fellowship 
    • The highest honor conferred by Sahitya Akademi is selecting a writer as its Fellow. 
    • The Akademi organizes regional, national and international seminars on various literary topics, including the history and aesthetics of literature, along with its annual Sahitya Utsav. 
    • Sahitya Akademi publishes four official magazines: 
      • Indian Literature (English, bimonthly) 
      • Contemporary Indian Literature (Hindi, bimonthly) 
      • Sanskrit Pratibha (Sanskrit, quarterly) 
      • Alok (Rajbhasha Grihapatrika, half-yearly) (As per the official website: sahityaakademi.gov.in). 

Poultry Farming

    • Poultry farming is a branch of animal husbandry where chickens, ducks, guinea fowls, etc., are reared for meat and egg production. 
    • Poultry farming has existed in India since the Indus Valley Civilization and requires low capital investment. 
    • Although India's share in global poultry trade is small, rapid development in recent years has made India the third-largest egg producer in the world. 
    • Andhra Pradesh has the highest poultry population in India, followed by Tamil Nadu. 
    • A single hen lays around 180-200 eggs per year on average. 
    • The Central Poultry Development Organization (CPDO), along with its regional offices, works to improve poultry production in India. 
    • Under the Rural Backyard Poultry Development Programme, financial assistance is provided to BPL families to help them raise poultry in their courtyards, improving their income and nutrition. 

Coal

  • Coal is a black, stone-like substance used as fuel for cooking, steam generation in railway engines, electricity production in thermal power plants, and various industrial applications. 

    Formation of Coal 

    • Around 300 million years ago, forests were buried under the soil due to natural events like floods. 
    • Over time, the weight of the soil compressed the buried vegetation, and as it went deeper into the earth, it gradually transformed into coal. 
    • Coal mainly consists of carbon, and the process of slowly converting dead vegetation into coal is called carbonization. 

    Combustion and Industrial Uses 

    • When coal burns in the presence of air, it releases carbon dioxide gas. 
    • Coal processing produces several useful by-products, including coke, coal tar and coal gas. 

    Coal By-Products 

    • Coke 
      • A hard, porous, black substance that is almost a pure form of carbon. 
      • Used in industrial steel production and metal extraction. 
    • Coal Tar 
      • A thick, black liquid with an unpleasant smell, made from a mixture of around 200 substances. 
      • Used in synthetic dyes, medicines, fragrances, explosives, plastics, paints, photographic materials, and road & roofing construction. 
      • Today, petroleum-based bitumen is used instead of coal tar for road construction. 
      • Naphthalene tablets, used to repel moths and insects, are derived from coal tar. 
    • Coal Gas 
      • A fuel obtained during coke production from coal. 
      • Used in industries near coal processing plants. 
      • First used for street lighting in London (1810) and New York (1820), now mainly used as a heat source.

Major Fairs of Uttar Pradesh

  • Uttar Pradesh is known for its rich cultural heritage, religious beliefs, and vibrant traditions. The fairs and festivals held here showcase the faith, art, and social life of the people. 

    • Taj Festival (Agra) 
      Held annually at Shilpgram in Agra, this ten-day festival reflects the Mughal and Nawabi culture. Artisans from all over the country display their crafts. Music, dance, and delicious food make this festival unique. 
    • Kumbh Mela (Prayagraj) 
      Kumbh Mela is the world’s largest religious gathering. It is held every 12 years in rotation at Prayagraj, Haridwar, Ujjain, and Nasik. The Prayagraj Kumbh Mela is especially significant as it is held at the confluence of three rivers. Millions of devotees take a holy dip in the sacred rivers during this festival. 
    • Ganga Festival (Varanasi)
      Celebrated in the month of Kartik in Varanasi, this festival shows devotion to the Ganga river. The ghats are decorated beautifully, and thousands of lamps are floated on the river on the night of Kartik Purnima. 
    • Ramnagar Ramlila (Varanasi)
      This month-long event in Ramnagar, Varanasi, depicts the story of Lord Ram. The tradition is so special that UNESCO has recognized it. 
    • Nauchandi Mela (Meerut) 
      Held in the month of Chaitra in Meerut, this fair is an important center for trade and culture. It reflects religious faith and social unity. 
    • Devi Patan Mela (Balrampur) 
      Organized during Chaitra Navratri at the Devi Patan Temple, many devotees come here for darshan and blessings. 
    • Jhulelal Mela (Kanpur) 
      This fair is celebrated by the Sindhi community on Jhulelal Jayanti. It includes processions, devotional singing, and cultural programs. 

    These fairs in Uttar Pradesh are not only religious events but also mirrors of the state's culture, art, and social life. They bring people together and strengthen the identity of Uttar Pradesh.











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