Teaching Exams: Prepare for Central & State Level Teaching Exam

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Concept Cards

Hard Disk

A Hard Disk is an important data storage device used to store a very large amount of data in a computer. A hard disk is also known as a Hard Disk Drive (HDD). It is a type of secondary memory that stores data permanently.

A hard disk is a non-volatile memory, which means the data stored in it does not get erased even when the computer is turned off or when there is a power failure. Because of this feature, it is used to store the operating system, software, applications, videos, audio files, images, documents, and other data. In simple terms, a hard disk is a type of memory that stores data permanently.

The storage capacity of a hard disk is very high. Generally, a hard disk can store data ranging from 256 GB to 1 TB or even more. Due to this large storage capacity, it is suitable for storing large files and heavy software.

A hard disk is installed inside the computer and connected to the motherboard. There is a circuit board on the back of the hard disk that helps it communicate with the computer. A hard disk is made of aluminium and glass, and its surface is coated with a magnetic material. Data is recorded on this magnetic surface.

Compared to other memory devices, hard disks are inexpensive and easily available in the market. The hard disk was invented on 13 September 1956 by a team of IBM, which brought a revolutionary change in the field of computer technology.

Types of hard disks

A hard disk is an important secondary memory of a computer, which is used to store data permanently. With the advancement of technology, different types of hard disks have been developed. Mainly, there are five types of hard disks: SATA, PATA, NVMe, SCSI, and SSD.

SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) is the most commonly used hard disk technology in modern times. It is used in almost all modern desktop and laptop computers. In desktop computers, 3.5-inch SATA hard disks are used, while in laptops, 2.5-inch SATA hard disks are used. SATA is known for its high data transfer speed, which ranges from 150 MBps to 600 MBps. It is also called Serial ATA and was invented in the year 2000.

PATA (Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment) was used in older computers. Its data transfer speed was slow, which is why SATA has replaced PATA in modern systems.

NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express) is a modern and extremely fast technology used in high-performance computers and laptops. It is based on the PCIe interface and provides very high data transfer speeds.

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) is mainly used in servers and large computer systems. It allows multiple devices to be connected simultaneously.

SSD (Solid State Drive) is the most advanced storage device. It has no moving parts, making it very fast, lightweight, and reliable. However, it is more expensive compared to traditional hard disks.

The M.L.A. Style

MLA Style is a standardized format developed by the Modern Language Association for writing and documenting research in the humanities, particularly literature, language studies, cultural studies, and related fields. It was created to bring uniformity and clarity to scholarly writing. By following MLA guidelines, writers ensure that their work is both academically credible and easily understandable to readers. MLA Style is especially valued for its simplicity and adaptability.
- Purpose and Scope
The main purpose of the MLA Style is to ensure ethical research practices by properly acknowledging sources. It allows readers to trace ideas back to their original authors without disrupting the flow of argument. MLA is most commonly used in literary criticism, comparative literature, and linguistics. Its focus on authorship and textual reference suits disciplines that rely heavily on close reading and interpretation.
- General Formatting Guidelines
MLA Style prescribes a clean, simple, and uniform page layout to ensure readability and consistency. Essays should be typed on A4 or letter-size paper with one-inch margins on all sides. The entire document, including quotations, notes, and the Works Cited page, must be double-spaced without extra spaces between paragraphs. A standard, legible font such as Times New Roman (12-point) is recommended. Page numbers are placed in the top-right corner, preceded by the writer’s last name. Instead of a separate title page, MLA requires a four-line heading on the first page, followed by a centered title.
- In-Text Citations
In MLA Style, in-text citations follow the author–page format, for example (Eliot 72), allowing readers to locate the source easily in the Works Cited list. If the author’s name appears in the sentence, only the page number is given in parentheses. When a source has no author, a shortened version of the title is used. For works with multiple authors, MLA provides specific guidelines depending on the number of contributors. This concise citation method avoids footnotes and endnotes, keeping the focus on analysis while maintaining academic integrity.
- Works Cited Page
The Works Cited page lists all the sources used in the paper in alphabetical order. Each entry follows a standardized structure that includes author, title, publication details, and medium. MLA’s concept of containers helps in citing complex sources like online articles or chapters from edited books. Proper indentation and punctuation are essential for accuracy.
- Quoting and Paraphrasing
MLA Style distinguishes between short and long quotations. Short quotations are incorporated within the text using quotation marks, while longer ones are formatted as block quotations. Paraphrasing requires careful rewording and still demands citation. This practice encourages originality while maintaining scholarly honesty.
- Use in Academic Writing
MLA Style is widely used in university exams, dissertations, and research publications in the humanities. It is particularly common in English literature syllabi. Students and researchers benefit from its straightforward rules and widespread acceptance. Mastery of MLA Style is often considered essential for academic success in literary studies.

In conclusion, MLA Style plays a vital role in maintaining consistency and credibility in academic writing. It promotes clarity, accountability, and respect for intellectual property. By adhering to MLA guidelines, scholars present their ideas in a professional manner while engaging responsibly with existing research. As a result, MLA Style remains a cornerstone of humanities scholarship.

Parts of Hard Disk

A hard disk is an important secondary storage device of a computer, which is made up of several different parts. Each part has a specific function that helps the hard disk store and access data efficiently.

The most important part of a hard disk is the platter. It is a circular disk coated with a magnetic material. Data is stored on the platter in magnetic form. A hard disk may contain one or more platters inside it.

The read-write head is the component that reads and writes data on the platter. It is a small magnetic device that moves very fast from left to right over the surface of the platter.

The part that holds the read-write head is called the read-write arm. This arm moves the head to the correct position so that data can be read or written properly.

The actuator is the component that allows the read-write arm to move and rotate. It controls the movement of the read-write head.

The spindle is a motor located at the centre of the platters. It helps the platters rotate at very high speed.

A hard disk also contains a logic board, which controls the input and output of data. In addition, the circuit board helps in communication between the hard disk and the computer system.

The connector transfers data from the circuit board to the read-write head and the platter. Finally, HSA (Head Stack Assembly) is the parking area of the read-write arm, where the head stays safely when the computer is turned off.

Mixture

A mixture is a substance formed by combining two or more elements or compounds in any proportion, without any chemical reaction. The components of a mixture retain their original properties, and that is why mixtures can be separated into their constituents using simple physical or mechanical methods such as filtration, evaporation, distillation, or centrifugation.

For example, air is a natural mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases in varying amounts. Mixtures are broadly classified into two main categories – Homogeneous mixtures and Heterogeneous mixtures.

1) Homogeneous Mixture

A homogeneous mixture is one in which the components are combined in a definite ratio and are uniformly distributed throughout the mixture. In such mixtures, the properties remain the same in every part, and the individual components cannot be distinguished by the naked eye because they are spread evenly at the molecular level.
- Key Features:
  1. Uniform composition and identical properties throughout.
  2. The individual components cannot be physically distinguished.
  3. They are often formed when a substance dissolves completely in another.
- Examples: Sugar solution, salt solution, air, vinegar.
2) Heterogeneous Mixture

A heterogeneous mixture is one in which the components are present in an indefinite ratio and are not uniformly distributed. Different parts of the mixture may have different properties and composition. In this case, the individual substances can be seen with the naked eye and can often be separated easily by simple methods.
- Key Features:
  - Non-uniform composition and variable properties.
  - The different components are visible separately.
  - Easier to separate into individual substances.
- Examples: Gunpowder, fog, muddy water, mixture of sand and salt, oil and water.
Thus, a mixture is a fundamental concept in chemistry where substances come together physically while retaining their identity. Homogeneous mixtures are uniform and consistent in nature, whereas heterogeneous mixtures show clear variation and separation of components. This distinction is not only important in understanding chemistry but also highly relevant in everyday life where mixtures are encountered in multiple forms.