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Concept Cards

Interim Government (1946)

Based on the proposals of the Cabinet Mission of 1945, the process of transferring power from the British to Indian leaders began. As part of this plan, an Interim Government was formed on 2 September 1946.
- Purpose:
  - To provide Indian leaders with administrative experience before complete independence.
  - To gradually transfer power into Indian hands.
  - To include representatives from both the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League, creating a joint transitional government.
- List of Ministers and Portfolios
  - Congress Members:
    1. Jawaharlal Nehru – Vice-President of the Executive Council; External Affairs & Commonwealth
    2. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel – Home, Information & Broadcasting
    3. Baldev Singh – Defence
    4. John Mathai – Industries & Supplies
    5. C. Rajagopalachari – Education
    6. C.H. Bhabha – Works, Mines & Ports
    7. Dr. Rajendra Prasad – Food & Agriculture
    8. Asaf Ali – Railways
    9. Jagjivan Ram – Labour
  - Muslim League Members:
    1. Liaquat Ali Khan – Finance
    2. I.I. Chundrigar – Commerce
    3. Abdur Rab Nishtar – Communications
    4. Jogendra Nath Mandal – Law
    5. Ghazanfar Ali Khan – Health
- Significance
  - Marked the first major administrative step towards India’s independence.
  - Reflected both political cooperation and tensions between Congress and the Muslim League before Partition.
  - Served as the foundation for the transfer of power on 15 August 1947.

Rani Gaidinliu’s Naga Movement (1930s)

The Naga movement led by Rani Gaidinliu emerged in the Zeliangrong region of Manipur, with the goal of achieving freedom from British rule and establishing Naga self-governance. The movement began in the late 1920s under the leadership of Haipou Jadonang. After Jadonang was executed by the British in 1931, his cousin Gaidinliu took over the leadership.

Born in 1915 in Luangkao village, Manipur, Gaidinliu joined the Heraka movement at the age of 13. The movement aimed to revive traditional Naga religion and culture. She strongly opposed British rule and the attempts of Christian missionaries to convert the Nagas. Her movement became a symbol of Naga cultural revival and political self-determination.

Influenced by Gandhian ideals, Gaidinliu refused to pay British taxes and led mass resistance against colonial authorities. The British government declared her activities as rebellion and arrested her in 1932, sentencing her to life imprisonment.

In 1937, Jawaharlal Nehru met her in prison and honoured her with the title “Rani Gaidinliu.” After India’s independence in 1947, she was released from prison. Rani Gaidinliu is remembered as a great freedom fighter and a symbol of Naga pride and self-respect.

Chenchu Tribal Movement

Location: The movement took place in the Nallamala forest region of Andhra Pradesh, led by the Chenchu tribe.

Leadership: The movement was led by Venkatappayya, and even Mahatma Gandhi expressed sympathy and support for the cause of the Chenchu people.

Development:
During the Non-Cooperation Movement of the 1920s, the Chenchu tribes launched their own struggle known as the Forest Satyagraha. The main objective was to protest against the repressive British forest laws, which deprived the tribes of their traditional rights over forests.

While the Indian National Congress advocated for a limited social boycott of forest officials, the local farmers and tribal people went a step further — they sent their cattle to graze in the forests without paying any fee or seeking permission.

In the Palnadu region, people went so far as to declare “Swaraj” (self-rule) and openly resisted the police and British authorities. Several confrontations took place during this period.

This movement symbolized the struggle of tribal people for their forest rights, dignity, and self-respect. Though it remained a localized uprising, it played a significant role in awakening national consciousness and political awareness among the tribal communities of South India.

Facts:
- Location: Nallamala Forest, Andhra Pradesh
- Leader: Venkatappayya
- Period: 1920s (during the Non-Cooperation Movement)
- Nature: Forest Satyagraha and anti-colonial tribal movement

Types of Internet Connections

1. Analog or Dial-up Connection
  - Uses a traditional telephone line to establish an internet connection.
  - A modem functions as an interface between the telephone line and the computer.
  - SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) and PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) are the communication protocols used in dial-up connections.
  - It is the slowest type of internet connection, with a maximum speed of up to 56 kbps.
2. ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
  - Provides internet access through digital signals transmitted over standard copper telephone lines.
  - Allows simultaneous transmission of voice and data, making it more efficient than dial-up.
  - Offers internet speed 2 to 3 times faster than dial-up, depending on the configuration.
3. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
  - A form of broadband connection that also uses standard telephone lines for internet service.
  - DSL provides a faster and more stable connection compared to dial-up or ISDN.
  - There are various types of DSL technologies, including:
    - ADSL (Asymmetric DSL)
    - SDSL (Symmetric DSL)
    - HDSL (High-bit-rate DSL)
    - VDSL (Very-high-bit-rate DSL)
Each type offers different data transfer rates and download/upload speeds, depending on user requirements and line conditions.

Narkelberia Rebellion (1782–1831)

The Narkelberia Rebellion was a significant armed uprising in the history of Bengal against social and religious oppression. It took place between 1782 and 1831 in the Narkelberia region of the 24 Parganas district of West Bengal. The rebellion was led by Mir Nithar Ali, popularly known as Titu Mir.

Titu Mir was a renowned religious leader and social reformer influenced by the Faraizi Movement. During that time, local landlords and British indigo planters exploited the Muslim peasantry and imposed a tax on Faraizis for keeping beards — a symbol of their religious identity. This tax was seen as an act of humiliation and religious persecution.

In response, Titu Mir organized the oppressed peasants and initiated an armed struggle against the British authorities and their allied landlords. He built a bamboo fort at Narkelberia and, along with his followers, fought valiantly against the British troops. In 1831, the British forces attacked the fort, during which Titu Mir was martyred.

The Narkelberia Rebellion is remembered as one of the earliest armed movements for religious freedom and peasant rights in Indian history. It stands as a symbol of courage and resistance against injustice and colonial oppression.