NVS TGT

According to the syllabus for all subjects of TGT Teachers, Part-I to IV will be common. Part-V will be Domain subject. Difficulty level of the Domain Subject will be the graduation level. Developing a strategic approach for the NVS TGT exam requires a comprehensive understanding of the syllabus.

The detailed section-wise strategy for each section is as follows:

Part-I: General Awareness

This is a section with extensive content; hence the preparation strategy will have to be made keeping in mind the important points written in the syllabus and their frequency in exam. Focus on topics like - Indian History, Geography, Economy, and General Science. Review relevant portions of NCERT books, especially those related to the subject you are applying for. To prepare for this section to achieve good marks, you can include Drishti Publications' G.K. book and One Day MAGIC Series in your study material. Stay updated with current affairs related to education, national and international events. Solve previous years' question papers to understand the exam pattern. Identify recurring themes and topics that are frequently asked.

Part-II: Reasoning Ability

For this part you can also take the help of some authentic books. In this section, it is more important to solve the questions in a time bound manner. Practice solving a variety of reasoning questions including verbal and non-verbal reasoning. Work on improving numerical ability through regular practice. Work on time management skills to solve reasoning problems within the stipulated exam time.

Part-III: Knowledge of ICT

Identify specific topics such as computer fundamentals, software, hardware, networking, and recent developments in ICT. Keep abreast of the latest trends and advancements in ICT. Practice using computer applications and tools to reinforce theoretical knowledge. Solve practical problems related to software applications and troubleshooting. Solve previous year question papers to understand the pattern of ICT-related questions. Identify areas where you need more practice and revision. Allocate specific time slots for ICT preparation in your study schedule.

Part-IV: Teaching Aptitude 

This section in this exam assesses candidates' understanding of teaching methodologies and educational concepts. Focus on child psychology, classroom management, and communication skills. Familiarize yourself with educational philosophies and teaching-learning processes. Develop critical thinking skills and problem-solving abilities. Practice with mock tests and previous years' question papers. Analyse your performance and identify areas that need improvement.

Part-V: Domain Subject 

Ensure a clear understanding of fundamental concepts and theories in your subject. Subject specific knowledge is the deciding factor to get your name in the success list of NVS TGT exam results. This is a competitive exam, so it is important for students to study authentic books in a timely manner and practice MCQs of related subjects daily. Apart from this, it is also important to analyse the previous year's papers so that one can understand the paper pattern and determine which topic is more relevant than the other. Seek clarification for any doubts or unclear concepts through textbooks, online resources, or consultation with subject experts. Allocate specific time to each topic based on its weightage and complexity. Thoroughly review the NCERT books related to the chosen subject. Prepare concise summary notes for quick revision. Focus on weak areas during the revision process.

Part-VI: Language Competency Test (For Language Teachers)

The standard of questions for the Language Proficiency Test (Hindi, English and Regional Language, if applicable) shall be of basic nature (up to Class X level). It is notable that candidates can choose any 1 regional language from among the following 19 languages: Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Bodo, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Garo, Khasi, Mizo, English. However, the standard of English & Hindi for those who are opting one of these two languages as regional language/mother tongue also, will be higher than the standard as that of General English and General Hindi. This part is only qualifying in nature with minimum 40% marks in each language, hence it is quite important, without qualifying in it, no section will be considered. So, it is very important to Strengthen grammar, vocabulary, and comprehension skills in both English and Hindi. Focus on language proficiency and linguistic abilities and practice questions more and more daily. 

The Detailed Syllabus for NVS TGT is as follows:

Common Topics for NVS TGT
S.N.	Topics	Number of Topic-wise syllabus
1.	Reasoning Ability	Puzzles & Seating arrangement, Data sufficiency, Statement based questions (Verbal reasoning), Inequality, Blood relations, Sequences and Series, Direction Test, Assertion and Reason, Venn Diagrams.
2.	Numerical Ability	Numerical Ability Number Systems, Simple Interest and Compound Interest, Simplification/Approximation, Time and Work, Averages, and Data Interpretation.
3.	General Awareness	Current Affairs with special emphasis in the field of Education.
4.	Language Competency Test (General English and General Hindi)	General English: Reading Comprehension, Cloze Test, Sentence Improvement, Spotting the errors, Sentence Rearrangement and Synonyms/Antonyms. सामान्य हिन्दी : संधि, समास, विलोम शब्द, पर्यायवाची शब्द, सामान्य अशुद्धियाँ, वाक्यांशों के लिये एक शब्द, मुहावरे-लोकोक्तियाँ, अपठित गद्यांश पर आधारित प्रश्न Language Competency Test (Part-VI) for 19 Regional Languages (Only for TGTs/Misc. Cat. of Teachers): Questions may be based upon the topics of the concerned Regional Language. Note: The standard of questions for the Language Proficiency Test (Hindi, English and Regional Language, if applicable) shall be of basic nature (upto Class X level).
5.	Knowledge of ICT	Fundamentals of Computer System, Basics of Operating System, MS Office, Keyboard Shortcuts and their uses, Important Computer Terms and Abbreviations, Computer Networks, Cyber Security, and Internet.
6.	Teaching Aptitude	Teaching-Nature, Characteristics, Objectives and Basic requirements, Learner's characteristics, Factors affecting teaching, Methods of Teaching, Teaching Aids and Evaluation Systems. Note: Difficulty level of questions shall vary accordingly. Higher the post (TGT/PGT), higher the difficulty level.

Following are the subject-wise syllabus –

हिन्दी
गद्य साहित्य :

• हिन्दी साहित्य का उद्भव, विकास एवं गद्य साहित्य की विधाएँ
• उपन्यास पर आधारित प्रश्न
• कहानी पर आधारित प्रश्न
• नाटक/एकांकी पर आधारित प्रश्न
• निबंध पर आधारित प्रश्न
• यात्रा-वृतांत पर आधारित प्रश्न
• संस्मरण/रेखाचित्र पर आधारित प्रश्न
• आत्मकथा/जीवनी पर आधारित प्रश्न
• रिपोर्ताज़ पर आधारित प्रश्न

काव्य भाग :

• हिन्दी काव्य का विकास
• आदिकालीन काव्य पर प्रश्न
• भक्तिकालीन काव्य पर प्रश्न : निर्गुण काव्य, सगुण काव्य तथा सूफी काव्य
• रीतिकालीन काव्य पर प्रश्न
• आधुनिककालीन काव्य पर प्रश्न
• भारतेन्दु युग, द्विवेदी युग, छायावाद, प्रगतिवाद, प्रयोगवाद, नई कविता, समकालीन कविता

हिन्दी भाषा का विकास एवं व्यावहारिक व्याकरण:

• हिन्दी भाषा का विकास, इसकी उप-भाषाएँ एवं बोलियाँ
• देवनागरी लिपि एवं उसका विकास
• वर्ण विचार- (उच्चारण, वर्तनी एवं संधि)
• शब्द विचार और शब्द रचना (पर्याय, विलोम, अनेकार्थक, श्रुति-सम-भिन्नार्थक शब्द इत्यादि)
• विकारी शब्द, अविकारी शब्द
• वाक्य रचना : (रचना और अर्थ के आधार पर, पद परिचय)
• अलंकार
• शब्द - शक्तियाँ
• मुहावरे एवं लोकोक्तियाँ
• अपठित गद्यांश/पद्यांश
• संविधान में हिंदी की स्थिति (संपर्क भाषा हिंदी, प्रयोजनमूलक हिंदी, कार्यालय हिंदी, मानक हिंदी)

English
Reading Comprehension (Section – A)

Ability to Comprehend, Analyse and Interpret an Unseen Text

Three/four unseen texts of varying lengths (150-250 words) with a variety of objective type, multiple choice questions (including questions to test vocabulary) testing factual and global comprehension.

Writing Ability (Section – B)

• Testing ability to express facts, views/opinions in a coherent and logical manner in a style suitable to the task set.
• One short writing task such as: notice, message or a postcard.
• Writing a report of an event, process, or place.
• Writing an article/debate/speech based on visual /verbal input on a given concurrent topic for e.g. environment, education, child labour, gender bias, drug-abuse etc presenting own views fluently.
• Writing a letter (formal/informal) on the basis of verbal/visual input. Letter types include: (a) letter to the editor; (b) letter of complaint; (c) letter of request; (d) descriptive, personal letters.

Grammar and Usage (Section – C)

Ability to apply the knowledge of syntax, language/grammatical items and to use them accurately in context. The following grammatical structures will be tested:

1. Tenses
2. Modals
3. Voice
4. Subject – Verb Concord
5. Connectors
6. Clauses
7. Parts of speech
8. Punctuation
9. Sequencing to form a coherent sentence or a paragraph

Literature (Section – D)

• To test the candidate’s familiarity with the works of writers of different genres and periods of English Literature.
• The candidate should have a thorough knowledge of: -
• Shakespeare’s Works.
• Romantic Period (e.g. Shelley, Wordsworth, Keats, Coleridge, Byron etc.)
• 19th & 20th Century American and English Literature (e.g. Robert Frost Hemingway, Ted Hudges, Whitman, Hawthorne, Emily Dickinson, Bernard Shaw etc.)
• Modern Indian Writing in English (e.g. Anita Desai, Vikram Seth, Nissim Ezekiel, K.N. Daruwala, Ruskin Bond, R.K. Narayan, Mulk Raj Anand, Khushwant Singh etc.)
• Modern Writings in English from different parts of the world.

Mathematics

Real Numbers

• Representation of natural numbers, integers, rational numbers on the number line. Representation of terminating/non-terminating recurring decimals, on the number line through successive magnification.
• Rational numbers as recurring/terminating decimals. Examples of non- recurring/non-terminating decimals. Existence of non-rational numbers (irrational numbers) and their representation on the number line. Explaining that every real number is represented by a unique point on the number line and conversely, every point on the number line represents a unique real number.
• Laws of exponents with integral powers. Rational exponents with positive real bases. Rationalization of real numbers. Euclid’s division lemma, Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic. Expansions of rational numbers in terms of terminating/non-terminating recurring decimals.

Elementary Number Theory

• Peano’s Axioms, Principle of Induction; First Principal, Second Principle, Third Principle, Basis Representation Theorem, Greatest Integer Function, Test of Divisibility, Euclid’s algorithm, The Unique Factorisation Theorem, Congruence, Chinese Remainder Theorem, Sum of divisors of a number. Euler’s totient function, Theorems of Fermat and Wilson.

Matrices

• R, R2, R3 as vector spaces over R and the concept of Rn. Standard basis for each of them. Linear Independence and examples of different bases. Subspaces of R2, R3. Translation, Dilation, Rotation, Reflection in a point, line and plane. Matrix form of basic geometric transformations. Interpretation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors for such transformations and eigenspaces as invariant subspaces. Matrices in diagonal form. Reduction to diagonal form upto matrices of order 3. Computation of matrix inverses using elementary row operations. Rank of matrix, Solutions of a system of linear equations using matrices.

Polynomials

• Definition of a polynomial in one variable, its coefficients, with examples and counter examples, its terms, zero polynomial. Degree of a polynomial, Constant, linear, quadratic, cubic polynomials; monomials, binomials, trinomials. Factors and multiples. Zeros/roots of a polynomial/equation. Remainder Theorem with examples and analogy to integers. Statement and proof of the Factor Theorem. Factorization of quadratic and of cubic polynomials using the Factor Theorem. Algebraic expressions and identities and their use in factorization of polynomials. Simple expressions reducible to these polynomials.

Linear Equations in two variables

• Introduction to the equation in two variables. Proof that a linear equation in two variables has infinitely many solutions and justify their being written as ordered pairs of real numbers, Algebraic and graphical solutions.

Pair of Linear Equations in two variables

• Pair of linear equations in two variables. Geometric representation of different possibilities of solutions/inconsistency. Algebraic conditions for number of solutions. Solution of a pair of linear equations in two variables algebraically – by substitution, by elimination and by cross multiplication.

Quadratic Equations

• Standard form of a quadratic equation. Solution of the quadratic equations (only real roots) by factorization and by completing the square, i.e. by using quadratic formula. Relationship between discriminant and nature of roots. Relation between roots and coefficients, Symmetric functions of the roots of an equation. Common roots.

Arithmetic Progressions

• Derivation of standard results of finding the nth term and sum of first n terms.

Inequalities

• Elementary Inequalities, Absolute value, Inequality of means, Cauchy – Schwarz Inequality, Chebycheff's Inequality.

Combinatorics

• Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion, Pigeonhole Principle, Recurrence Relations, Binomial Coefficients.

Calculus

• Sets, Functions and their graphs: polynomial, sine, cosine, exponential and logarithmic functions. Step function, Limits and continuity. Differentiation, Methods of differentiation like Chain rule, Product rule and Quotient rule. Second order derivatives of above functions. Integration as a reverse process of differentiation. Integrals of the functions introduced above.

Euclidean Geometry

• Axioms/postulates and theorems. The five postulates and Euclid. Equivalent versions of the fifth postulate. Relationship between axiom and theorem. Theorems and lines and angles, triangles and quadrilaterals, Theorems on areas of parallelograms and triangles, Circles, theorems on circles, Similar triangles, Theorem on similar triangles. Constructions.
• Ceva’s Theorem, Menelaus Theorem, Nine Point Circle, Simson’s Line, Centres of Similitude of Two Circles, Lehmus Steiner Theorem, Ptolemy’s Theorem.

Coordinate Geometry

• The Cartesian plane, Coordinates of a point, Distance between two points and section formula, Area of a triangle.

Areas and Volumes

• Area of a triangle using Heron's formula and its application in finding the area of a quadrilateral. Surface areas and volumes of cubes, cuboids, spheres (including hemispheres) and right circular cylinders/cones. Frustum of a cone. Area of a circle: area of sectors and segments of a circle.

Trigonometry

• Trigonometric ratios of an acute angle of a right – angled triangle. Relationships between the rations. Trigonometric identities. Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles. Heights and distances.

Statistics

• Introduction to Statistics: Collection of data, presentation of data, tabular form, ungrouped/grouped, bar graphs, histograms, frequency polygons, qualitative analysis of data to choose the correct form of presentation for the collected data. Mean, median, mode of ungrouped data. Mean, median and mode of grouped data. Cumulative frequency graph.

Probability

• Elementary Probability and basic laws. Discrete and Continuous Random variable, Mathematical Expectation, Mean and Variance of Binomial, Poisson and Normal distribution. Sample mean and Sampling Variance. Hypothesis testing using standard normal variate. Curve Fitting. Correlation and Regression.

Social Science

History

• Contemporary World
  • Industrial Revolution
  • Economic Depression
  • Labour & Peasant Class issues
  • Growth of industries in India in twentieth century
  • Features of colonial society in India
• French Revolution
  • Causes
  • Events
  • Impact
  • Consequences
• The Revolt of 1857
• Indian Freedom Struggle – 1885 to 1947
• Russian Revolution – 1917
  • Causes
  • Events
  • Impact on Russia and the World
  • Consequences
• Rise of Socialism
  • Philosophy of Karl Marx
  • Socialism in Europe
  • Impact of Socialism
• Rise of Fascist Forces in Germany & Italy.
• The Two World Wars and the Establishment of UN.

Geography

• Introduction to solar system; origin of Earth
• Motions of the Earth: Rotation, Revolution, Occurrence of Day and night; change of seasons; Latitudes and Longitudes; Finding time.
• Earth’s Interior: Origin of continents and ocean basins Wegener’s Continental drift theory, Theory of Plate Tectonics, Earthquakes and Volcanoes, Folding and faulting.
• Rocks and minerals: Types of rocks; soil formation; major types and characteristics.
• Agents of gradation: Weathering, mass wasting, running water, wind, glaciers, sea waves and karst topography.
• Climate 
• Atmosphere: Composition and structure, elements of weather and climate Insulation: Heat Budget, Heating and cooling of atmosphere, Conduction, Convection, Solar Radiation, Terrestrial radiation, Advection, Temperature, Factors controlling temperature, distribution of temperature-horizontal and vertical.
• Pressure: Pressure belts, winds, cyclones and anticyclone Evaporation, condensation and precipitation and their forms: Humidity, rainfall and its types.
• World climates: Classification, greenhouse effect, global warming and global climate change.
• Water (Oceans): Distribution of water bodies on the Earth’s surface; hydrological cycle.
• Ocean: Submarine relief, distribution of temperature and salinity; movement of ocean water-waves, tides currents of Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean
• Maps and Scales: Definition and classification, Finding directions, conventional signs, Techniques of representing relief features on map; contours, hachures, Hill shading, layer tinting. Representation of climatic data; line and Bar Graph, (Climo graph) Isotherms, isobars and isohyets
• Biosphere: Ecology, type of Ecosystem, structure and functions of Ecosystem- Food Chain, Food Web, World Biomes, Ecological Balance, Biodiversity and its conservation.
• India (Size and Location) 
• Physical features of India
  • Geological Structure, Physiographic divisions, drainage system and its evolution.
• Climate: origin and mechanism of Indian monsoon, Seasons of India, Classification of Climate of India (Coeppen’s) Soil: Types and distribution: Natural Vegetation: types and distribution.
• Population
  • Growth and Distribution of population: Causes & Factors Migration-Causes and consequences Population theories & their relevance-Malthus, Demographic transition – theory Population composition and its Attributes: Population and sustainable development; Population as a resource; Population problems and policies with reference to India
• Resources and Development
  • Meaning, nature and Components of resources and environment; Resources, environment and technology interface: classification of resources. Distribution, utilization, economic and environmental significance and conservation of water, Minerals, Forests and fisheries; production and distribution of major crops, wildlife resource and energy resources.
• Agriculture
  • Wet and dry agriculture, Intensive, Extensive, shifting, commercial and plantation agricultural development and problems, crop intensity, major crops.
• Manufacturing Industries
  • Classification, locational factors, types and distribution, industrial clusters of India, Production and distribution of sugar, Cotton Textile, Iron and Steel, chemicals and electronic industries.
• Lifelines of National Economy
  • Means of transportation and communication, Roads, Railways, waterways and airways, oil and gas pipelines, National electric grid, radio, television satellite and computers
• International trade – Changing pattern of India’s foreign trade, seaports and airports: Tourism as trade.
• Understanding Disaster and Hazards
  • Type of Disasters – Natural & Manmade
  • Disaster Management: Becoming a Disaster manager. Components of Disaster Management.
  • Disaster risk reduction: Disaster risk management. Understanding Disaster mitigation. Specific Hazards and mitigation.
  • Common manmade Disasters and their prevention
  • Community based Disaster management and social planning for Disasters.
  • Tsunami: The killer sea waves.
  • Survival skills: during and after Disaster.
  • Alternative Communication system.
  • Safe construction Practices.
  • Sharing Responsibilities.
  • Planning ahead.
• Components of production
• People as Resource
  • Economic activities/non-economic activities
  • Population
  • Education
  • Health
  • Unemployment/Employment
• Poverty as a challenge
  • Poverty line
  • Poverty & inequality
  • Policies for poverty reduction
  • Poverty estimates
• Food Security in India
  • Food Security
  • Green revolution
  • Buffer Stock
  • Issue Price/Support Price
  • Role of co-operative societies in food security
• Development Growth/Development and structural development:
  • Growth and distribution, sustainable agricultural growth
  • Growth structural changes
  • Population and human resource development
  • Purchasing power parity (PPP)
  • Main features of Indian Economy at the time of Independence
  • Economic development
  • Gross Enrolment Ratio
  • Foreign trade & Economic development
  • Development & under development
  • Distribution of Income / factors of development
• Sectors of the Economy
  • Classification of Sectors like– Primary/Secondary/Organized/Unorganized/Public/Private Sector
  • Small and Large Industry
  • Performance of the Public Sector
  • Privatization
  • Employment growth in the Industrial Sector
• Money & Credit
  • Indian Monetary System
  • Function of money
  • Banks: Central Bank function, Commercial Banks
  • Self-help Groups (SHGs)
  • Debt trap
  • Demand of money & supply of money
  • Financial markets
  • Money and capital market
  • Monetary aggregates in India

Civics

• Power sharing
• Federalism
• Democracy and Diversity
• Political parties
• Elections
• Challenges to Democracy
• Popular struggle and movements – like in Nepal, Bolivia.
• Democracy:
  • Concept
  • Salient Features
  • Local Self Government
  • Elections
  • Democracy in India & the World
• Indian Constitution:
  • Framing of the constitution
  • Adoption of the constitution
  • Working of Institutions – Parliament, Judiciary
  • Fundamental Rights

Science

Effects of current

Potential; potential difference ohm's law; series combination of resistors, parallel combination of resistors; Power dissipation due to current; Inter relation between P,V,I and R. Magnetic field & magnetic lines, Magnetic field due to current carrying conductor; Fleming left hand rule, Electromagnetic Induction; Induced Potential Difference, Induced current; Direct current, Alternating current; Frequency of AC, Advantage of Electronic Motor & Electric Generator.

Light

Convergence and Divergence of light; Images formed by a Concave Mirror; related concepts, centre of curvature; principles axis, optic centre, focus, focal length, Refraction & Laws of Refraction. Images formed by a convex lens; functioning of vision and remedies. Applications of spherical mirrors and lenses. Appreciation of concept of refraction index; Twinkling of stars; Dispersion of light; Scattering of light.

Sources of Energy

Different forms of Energy, Leading to different sources for human use: Fossil Fuels, solar energy; Biogas; Wind; Water and Tidal Energy; Nuclear Energy. Renewable versus non-renewable sources.

Motion : Force and Newton’s Law

Displacement, Velocity, uniform & non-uniform motion along a straight line, acceleration distance-time and velocity, Time graphs for uniform and uniformly accelerated motion; Equations of motion by graphical method; Elementary idea of uniform circular motion. Force and Motion; Newton’s laws of motion Inertia of a body; Inertia and Mass, Momentum Force and acceleration, Elementary idea of conservation of momentum, Action and Reaction forces.

Gravitation : Work, Energy and Power

Gravitation; Universal Law of Gravitation, Force of gravitation of the earth gravity, acceleration due to gravity; mass and weight; free fall. Work done by a force energy, power; Kinetic and Potential energy; law of conservation of energy.

Floatation

Thrust and Pressure, Archimedes Principle, Buoyancy, Elementary idea of relative density.

Sound

Nature of Sound and its Propagation in various media, Speed of Sound, Range of hearing in Humans; Ultrasound, Reflection of sound; Echo and SONAR; Structure of the Human Ear (Auditory aspect only).

Matter-nature and behaviour of matter

Gasses, liquids, solids, plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate, types of intermolecular forces. Classification of matter into mixtures and pure substances. Henry’s Law. Concentration of solutions.

Colloids-phases of colloids, Tyndall effect, Brownian movement. Suspension. Properties of matter. Measurement of properties of matter-S.I. system of units, physical and chemical changes

Laws of chemical combination.

Gay Loussac's law, Avogadro law, atomic and molecular masses, average atomic mass, mole concept and molar masses, percentage composition.

Structure of Atom

Dalton’s atomic theory, Discharge tube experiments, J.J. Thomson’s model of atom, Rutherford’s model, Bohr’s model of atom, electronic configuration, formation of ions, Characterisation of elements as metals, metalloids, or non- metals, isotopes (their applications), isobars and isotones.

Periodic classification of Elements

Mendeleev’s periodic law, Periodic properties of elements, trends in the periods and groups: Importance of the periodic table, position of hydrogen in the periodic table.

Chemical substances

Nature and behaviour Acid, Basis and Salts: Classical definition of acids and bases, Bronsted-Lowry theory, Lewis's concept of acid and bases, relative strengths of acids and bases, logarithmic or p scale- PH, pOH and pkw, ionic equilibria in a solution. Action of indicators on acids and bases, sources of acid and bases, Salt- Classification of salts and their PH.

Chemical reactions

Formulation of chemical equations, balancing chemical equations, Types of chemical equations with examples.

Metals and Non-metals

Characters of metals and non-metals including all properties and applications Occurrence of metals in nature: ores and minerals, enrichment of ores– metallurgical operations. Corrosion: rusting of iron – prevention of corrosion.

Carbon compounds

Position of carbon in the periodic table. Concept of hybridization and shapes of molecules, structural formula and molecular models, types of reactions undergone by organic compounds, homologous series of compounds having different functional groups, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds.

Hydrocarbons – their classification formation of coal and petroleum.

Industrial source, preparation and properties of alkanes.

Alcohols: Preparation and properties. Qualitative analysis of alcohols, iodoform test, effect of alcohols on living beings. Carboxylic acids: Preparation and properties. Functional group analysis of carboxylic acid. Soaps, detergents, biodegradable detergents. Carbon fibres.

Conservation of natural resources

Pollution of river water, Ganga action plan for improving quality of water, Need for sustainable management of natural resources.

Development of non- conventional energy resources to prevent pollution and atmospheric conservation.

Man made material

Ceramics, cement, porcelain, glass, carbon fibres, soaps and detergents, polymers, fibres and plastics.

Life Processes

• What are life Processes.
• Need for Nutrition.
• Different modes of Nutrition in animals.
• What is Photosynthesis.
• Various steps of holozoic nutrition.
• Aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
• Transportation in Human beings.
• Transportation in Plants.
• Transportation in animals.
• Excretion in animals including Human beings.
• Excretion in Plants.

Control & Coordination.

• Animals – nervous system.
• Basic unit of Nervous System in animals.
• Reflex action.
• Human Brain.
• Coordination in plants.
• Geotropism – Positive, Negative.
• Hormones in animals.
• Endocrine & Exocrine glands.

Reproduction

• Importance of variation.
• Modes of Reproduction used by single organisms.
• Sexual Reproduction in plants and animals.
• Reproduction in Human beings.
• What happens when an egg is not fertilized?
• Modes of avoiding pregnancy (family planning)

Heredity and Evolution

• What is heredity?
• Medals Law of inheritance.
• How is sex determined?
• Evolution & Classification.
• Acquired and inherited traits.
• Homologous and Analogous organs.
• What are fossils?
• Human Evolution.

The Human eye and the colourful world

• Structure of eye
• Defects of eye and their correction

Natural resources

The fundamental unit of Life

• What are living organisms made of?
• Structure organization of cell

Tissues

• Define tissue
• Types of plants tissue and animals' tissues

Diversity of living organisms

• Basis of Classification.
• Classification & Hierarchy of classification – groups.
• Plantae, Animalia.
• Nomenclature.

Why do we fall ill

• Health & its failure.
• Diseases and their causes
• Types of diseases- Infectious, Non-infectious.
• Prevention of diseases
• Immunization

NATURAL RESOURCES

Our Environment:

• Atmosphere, roll of atmosphere in climate control, wind, rain, environmental pollution:
• Global warming and greenhouse effect, acid rain, particulate pollutants, smog, formation of photochemical smog.
• Formation of ozone and its break down ozone hole, causes of ozone hole formation, polar vortex, effects of depletion of ozone hole
• Water pollution-oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, international standard of drinking water, processing of drinking water.
• Soil pollution: water recycling, strategies to control environmental pollution, its collection and proper methods of disposal
• Biogeochemical cycles: water cycle, nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle and oxygen cycle.
  1. Breath of life: Air, Air pollution
  2. Water a wonderful liquid
  3. Water pollution
  4. Biogeochemical cycles, Nitrogen cycle, Carbon cycle. Oxygen cycle.
  5. The greenhouse effect.
  6. What is the ozone layer?  How does it protect the Earth? What are the causes of depletion of the ozone layer? How can it affect day to day life of living organisms

Improvement in Food Resources

• Improvement in crop yield.
• Animal Husbandry.
• Need for Intercropping.
• Cross Breeding.

NVS PGT 

According to the syllabus for all subjects of PGT Teachers, Part-I to IV will be common. Part-V will be Domain subject. Developing a strategic approach for the NVS PGT exam requires a comprehensive understanding of the syllabus.

The detailed section-wise strategy for each section is as follows:

Part-I: General Awareness

This is a section with extensive content; hence the preparation strategy will have to be made keeping in mind the important points written in the syllabus and their frequency in exam. Focus on topics like - Indian History, Geography, Economy, and General Science. Review relevant portions of NCERT books, especially those related to the subject you are applying for. To prepare for this section to achieve good marks, you can include Drishti Publications' G.K. book and One Day MAGIC Series in your study material. It is notable that the level of the PGT exam is higher in comparison to the TGT paper. Stay updated with current affairs related to education, national and international events. Solve previous years' question papers to understand the exam pattern. Identify recurring themes and topics that are frequently asked.

Part-II: Reasoning Ability

For this part you can also take the help of some authentic books. In this section, it is more important to solve the questions in a time bound manner. Practice solving a variety of reasoning questions including verbal and non-verbal reasoning. Work on improving numerical ability through regular practice. Work on time management skills to solve reasoning problems within the stipulated exam time.

Part -III: Knowledge of ICT

Identify specific topics such as computer fundamentals, software, hardware, networking, and recent developments in ICT.  Keep abreast of the latest trends and advancements in ICT. Practice using computer applications and tools to reinforce theoretical knowledge. Solve previous year question papers to understand the pattern of ICT-related questions. Identify areas where you need more practice and revision. Allocate specific time slots for ICT preparation in your study schedule.

Part-IV: Teaching Aptitude

This section in this exam assesses candidates' understanding of teaching methodologies and educational concepts. Focus on child psychology, classroom management, and communication skills. Familiarize yourself with educational philosophies and teaching-learning processes. Develop critical thinking skills and problem-solving abilities. Practice with mock tests and previous years' question papers. Analyze your performance and identify areas that need improvement.

Part-V: Domain Subject

Ensure a clear understanding of fundamental concepts and theories in your subject. Subject specific knowledge is the deciding factor to get your name in the success list of NVS PGT exam results. This is a competitive exam, so it is important for students to study authentic books in a timely manner and practice MCQs of related subjects on a daily basis. Apart from this, it is also important to analyze the previous year's papers so that one can understand the paper pattern and determine which topic is more relevant than the other. Seek clarification for any doubts or unclear concepts through textbooks, online resources, or consultation with subject experts. Allocate specific time to each topic based on its weightage and complexity. Thoroughly review the NCERT books related to the chosen subject. Practice solving previous years' question papers to understand the exam pattern. Prepare concise summary notes for quick revision. Focus on weak areas during the revision process.

Part-VI: Language Competency Test:

The standard of questions for the Language Proficiency Test (Hindi. English and Regional Language, if applicable) shall be of basic nature (upto Class X level). It is notable that Candidates can choose any 1 regional language from among the following 19 languages: Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Bodo, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Garo, Khasi, Mizo, English. However, the standard of English & Hindi for those who are opting one of these two languages as regional language /mother tongue also, will be higher than the standard as that of General English and General Hindi. This part is only qualifying in nature with minimum 40% marks in each language, hence it is quite important, without qualifying in it, no section will be considered. So it is very important to Strengthen grammar, vocabulary, and comprehension skills in both English and Hindi. Focus on language proficiency and linguistic abilities. and practice questions more and more on a daily basis. 

The Detailed Syllabus for NVS PGT is as follows:

Common Topics for NVS PGT
S.N.	Topics	Topic-wise detailed syllabus
1.	Reasoning Ability	Puzzles & Seating arrangement, Data sufficiency, Statement based questions (Verbal. reasoning), Inequality, Blood relations, Sequences and Series, Direction Test, Assertion and Reason, Venn Diagrams.
2.	Numerical Ability	Number Systems, Simple Interest and Compound Interest, Simplification/Approximation, Time and Work, Averages, and Data Interpretation.
3.	General Awareness	Current Affairs with special emphasis in the field of Education.
4.	Language Competency Test (General English and General Hindi)	General English: Reading Comprehension, Cloze Test, Sentence Improvement, Spotting the errors, Sentence Rearrangement and Synonyms/Antonyms. सामान्य हिन्दी : संधि, समास, विलोम शब्द, पर्यायवाची शब्द, सामान्य अशुद्धियाँ, वाक्यांशों के लिये एक शब्द, मुहावरे-लोकोक्तियाँ, अपठित गद्यांश पर आधारित प्रश्न Language Competency Test (Part VI) for 19 Regional Languages (Only for TGTs/Misc. Cat. of Teachers): Questions may be based upon the topics of the concerned Regional Language. Note: The standard of questions for the Language Proficiency Test (Hindi. English and Regional Language, if applicable) shall be of basic nature (upto Class X level).
5.	Knowledge of ICT	Fundamentals of Computer System, Basics of Operating System, MS Office, Keyboard Shortcuts and their uses, Important Computer Terms and Abbreviations, Computer Networks, Cyber Security, and Internet.
6.	Teaching Aptitude	Teaching-Nature, Characteristics, Objectives and Basic requirements, Learner's characteristics, Factors affecting teaching, Methods of Teaching, Teaching Aids and Evaluation Systems. Note: Difficulty level of questions shall vary accordingly. Higher the post, higher the difficulty level.

Following are the subject-wise syllabus –

हिंदी

खंड-क : इतिहास एवं साहित्य
हिंदी साहित्य के इतिहास का विस्तृत अध्ययन

1. 1. आदिकाल से रीतिकाल
   • इसके अंतर्गत कालगत परिस्थितियाँ एवं साहित्य पर उसका प्रभाव, प्रत्येक युग के साहित्य की प्रमुख प्रवृत्तियाँ, प्रमुख रचनाकार एवं उनकी रचनाएँ, साहित्यिक विशेषताएँ, भाषा-शैली
     • आदिकाल- चंदबरदाई, अमीर खुसरो, विद्यापति
     • भक्तिकाल- निर्गुण भक्तिधारा ज्ञानमार्गी शाखा, प्रेममार्गी शाखा- कबीर, दादू, रैदास, नानक, जायसी, कुतुबन; सगुण भक्तिधारा राम भक्तिशाखा, कृष्ण भक्तिशाखा- तुलसीदास, केशव, सूरदास, मीराबाई, अष्टछाप के कवि
     • रीतिकाल- रीतिबद्ध, रीतिसिद्ध, रीतिमुक्त काव्य- देव, घनानंद, बिहारी, मतिराम, सेनापति, भूषण, पद्माकर
2. 2. आधुनिक काल
   • युगीन परिस्थितियाँ, साहित्यिक पृष्ठभूमि, मुख्य विचारधारा, मुख्य साहित्यकार, साहित्यिक रचनाएँ, विशेषताएँ, भाषा-शैली
     • भारतेंदु युग- भारतेंदु हरिश्चंद्र, बालमुकुंद गुप्त, बदरीनारायण चौधरी ‘प्रेमघन’
     • द्विवेदी युग- महावीर प्रसाद द्विवेदी, श्रीधर पाठक, अयोध्यासिंह उपाध्याय ‘हरिऔध’, मैथिलीशरण गुप्त
     • छायावाद- जयशंकर प्रसाद, महादेवी वर्मा, सुमित्रानंदन पंत, सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी ‘निराला’
     • प्रगतिवाद- पंत, निराला, नरेंद्र शर्मा, केदारनाथ अग्रवाल, नागार्जुन
     • प्रयोगवाद- मुक्तिबोध, नेमिचंद्र जैन, भारतभूषण अग्रवाल, प्रभाकर माचवे, गिरिजा कुमार माथुर, रामविलास शर्मा, सच्चिदानंद हीरानंद वातस्यायन ‘अज्ञेय’
     • नई कविता- भवानी प्रसाद मिश्र, नरेंद्र शर्मा, धूमिल, धर्मवीर भारती, शंभुनाथ सिंह
3. 3. गद्य साहित्य का विस्तृत अध्ययन
• गद्य एवं अन्य विधाओं का प्रारंभ, विकास, प्रमुख प्रवृत्तियाँ, प्रमुख साहित्यकार, रचनाएँ, साहित्यिक विशेषताएँ, भाषा-शैली
• निबंध, कथा साहित्य- उपन्यास एवं कहानी, नाटक, एकांकी, रेखाचित्र, संस्मरण, यात्रा-वृत्तांत, आत्मकथा, जीवनी, पत्र, डायरी, आलोचना, रिपोर्ताज़ आदि इन सभी विधाओं का विस्तृत परिचय

हिंदी साहित्य

(काव्य साहित्य पर आधारित तीन प्रश्न)
निम्नलिखित कवियों की प्रसिद्ध काव्य-रचनाओं में से लिये गए काव्यांशों पर आधारित सप्रसंग व्याख्या, भाव सौंदर्य, शिल्प सौंदर्य पर एक वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न एवं दो विषयपरक प्रश्न

• सप्रसंग व्याख्या, भाव सौंदर्य – विषयपरक प्रश्न
• शिल्प सौंदर्य- वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न

अमीर खुसरो, विद्यापति, सूरदास, तुलसीदास, कबीरदास, जायसी, मीराबाई, रसखान, घनानंद, बिहारीलाल, भारतेंदु हरिश्चंद्र, मैथिलीशरण गुप्त, दिनकर, जयशंकर प्रसाद, महादेवी वर्मा, निराला, पंत, हरिवंशराय बच्चन, मुक्तिबोध, रघुवीर सहाय, केदारनाथ सिंह, भवानीप्रसाद मिश्र, अज्ञेय इत्यादि (संकेत : स्नातकोत्तर तक के पाठ्यक्रम में पढ़ी उपर्युक्त कवियों की प्रसिद्ध कविताएँ)
निम्नलिखित गद्य लेखकों की प्रसिद्ध रचनाओं में से व्याख्या से संबंधित अंश, आशय स्पष्टीकरण एवं भाषा-शैली पर आधारित प्रश्न

• सप्रसंग व्याख्या एवं आशय स्पष्टीकरण पर आधारित दो विषयपरक प्रश्न
• भाषा-शैली पर आधारित

भारतेंदु, रामचंद्र शुक्ल, प्रेमचंद, जैनेंद्र कुमार, हजारीप्रसाद द्विवेदी, धर्मवीर भारती, रामविलास शर्मा, निर्मल वर्मा, फणीश्वरनाथ ‘रेणु’, कृष्णा सोबती, भीष्म साहनी, शेखर जोशी, विष्णु खरे, ममता कालिया

• कवियों और लेखकों के व्यक्तित्व एवं औचित्य पर आधारित एक प्रश्न जिसके पाँच भाग होंगे, यह प्रश्न हिंदी साहित्य के प्रसिद्ध कवियों एवं लेखकों के जीवन-परिचय, साहित्यिक रचनाएँ एवं भाषा-शैली पर आधारित होंगे।

खण्ड-ख : व्याकरण एवं रचना

1. व्याकरण
   • शब्द-विचार एवं शब्द भंडार
     • शब्द भेद- अर्थ, रचना, स्रोत तथा प्रयोग की दृष्टि से शब्द
     • भंडार- पर्यायवाची, विपरीतार्थक, एकार्थी, अनेकार्थी शब्द-युग्म
     • शब्द निर्माण- उपसर्ग, प्रत्यय, समास
   • पद-विचार, पदबंध, पद-परिचय संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, विशेषण, क्रिया, क्रिया विशेषण पदबंध-भेद, प्रयोग, पद-परिचय
   • वाक्य-विचार
     • वाक्य संरचना
     • वाक्य भेद - अर्थ एवं रचना की दृष्टि से
     • वाक्य-परिवर्तन
     • वाक्य-संश्लेषण, वाक्य-विश्लेषण
   • संधि
     • स्वर संधि, व्यंजन संधि, विसर्ग संधि
2. अपठित बोध
   • काव्यांश पर आधारित प्रश्न, भाव सौंदर्य, शिल्प सौंदर्य
   • गद्यांश (साहित्यिक/वर्णनात्मक)
3. समसामयिक विषय
   • वर्णनात्मक विषय
   • सर्जनात्मक विषय
   • साहित्यिक विषय
4. काव्यशास्त्रीय अध्ययन
   • साहित्य का अर्थ, स्वरूप, उद्देश्य
   • साहित्य की विविध विधाएँ
   • रस मीमांसा- सभी रसों का ज्ञान, काव्य की आत्मा के रूप में रस मीमांसा
   • शब्द शक्ति- अभिधा, लक्षणा, व्यंजना
   • काव्य गुण- प्रसाद, माधुर्य, ओज
   • काव्य दोष- विस्तृत जानकारी
   • छंद ज्ञान- वर्णिक, मात्रिक
   • अलंकार- शब्दालंकार, अर्थालंकार, उभयालंकार एवं नए अलंकार

खण्ड-ग : लेखन कौशल और पत्रकारिता

1. पत्रकारिता से संबंधित विषय
   • प्रिंट माध्यम (समाचार और संपादकीय)
   • रिपोर्ट
   • आलेख
   • फीचर लेखन
   • साक्षात्कार
   • रेडियो व दूरदर्शन के लिये लेखन
   • विज्ञापन लेखन
   • उद्घोषणा
   • स्वागत भाषण
   • संगोष्ठी संचालन
2. व्यावहारिक लेखन पर एक विषयपरक प्रश्न
   • व्यावहारिक हिंदी का स्वरूप
   • प्रयोजनमूलक हिंदी और उसके विविध आयाम
   • कार्यालयी हिंदी और उसके विविध आयाम
   • प्रतिवेदन, अर्थ, प्रमुख तत्त्व, विशेषताएँ, प्रकार, प्रतिवेदन लेखन
   • कार्यसूची- कार्यसूची तैयार करने का नमूना
   • कार्यवछत्ता स्वरूप, निर्माण
3. सर्जनात्मक लेखन एवं मौलिक अभिव्यक्ति पर एक विषयपरक प्रश्न कविता, कहानी, लघुकथा, डायरी लेखन आदि के रूप में-
   • दिये गए विषय पर- कविता, लघुकथा संबंधी मौलिक रचना
   • कहानी का कविता में रूपांतरण
   • अनुभवों के आधार पर लेखन
4. विभिन्न दक्षताओं के विकास हेतु एक विषयपरक प्रश्न
   • वार्तालाप की दक्षता के विकास हेतु संवाद लेखन
   • कोई भी समसामयिक विषय द्वारा कहानी/कविता लेखन

English

Section-A: READING COMPREHENSION

Ability to comprehend, analyze and interpret unseen texts. Three/four unseen reading passages may be set.

Section-B: WRITING ABILITY

Ability to express views/opinions in a coherent & logical manner.

• One out of two tasks such as factual description of any event or incident, a report or a process.
• Writing one formal letter. Letter types include:
  • Business or official letters (for making enquiries, registering complaints, asking for and giving information, placing orders and sending replies).
  • Letter to the editors (giving facts/figures suggestions/opinions on an issue of public interest) on contemporary/current issues.
  • Application for a job with CV.
• Writing personal opinion/views/stand in an article/debate/speech etc. on a given socio-cultural issue–in a style/register suitable to the task set. Issues could relate to:
  • Environment
  • Education
  • Gender discrimination
  • Economic disparity etc.

Section-C: GRAMMAR AND USAGE

Ability to apply the knowledge of syntax and grammatical items & use them accurately in the context provided.

The following grammatical structures will be tested through error correction/editing/gap filling/sentence completion/multiple choice questions:

• Determiners
• Tenses
• Clauses
• Modals
• Voice

Section-D: LITERATURE

• Shakespeare’s works
• Romantic period (e.g. Shelley, Wordsworth, Keats, Coleridge etc.)
• 19th and 20th Century American and English Literature (e.g. Robert Frost, Hemmingway, Whitman, Hawthorne, Emily Dickinson, Bernard Shaw, Arthur Miller etc.)
• Modern Indian Writing in English (e.g. Anita Desai, Vikram Seth, Nissin Ezekiel, K.N. Daruwala, Ruskin Bond, R.K. Narayan, Mulk Raj Anand, Khushwant Singh etc.)
• Modern writing in English from other parts of the world e.g. Latin America/Africa/Australia/South Asia

History

Indian History

• Harappan Civilization
  • Town Planning
  • Religion
  • Economic & Social Life
  • Script Writing
• Rise of Magadha in relation to 16 Mahajanpadas
• Rise of Heterodox sects with special reference to Buddhism, Jainism-
  • Rise
  • Teaching
  • Comparison
  • Effect on society, trade & commerce
• The Mauryas –
  • Causes for its rise
  • Chandragupta Maurya Administration
  • Contribution of Ashoka the Great (all aspects)
  • Decline and fall of Mauryan Empire
• The Guptas –
  • Golden Period
  • Samudra Gupta
  • Chandragupta Vikramaditya etc.
  • Administration, Religion, Trade & Commerce
• Society & Economy – From Vedic till 7th century
• Sultanate Era – The Defeat of Hindu kingdom and establishment of Delhi Sultanate
• Mughal Period – 1526 to 1707 (all aspects)
  • Polity
  • Administration
  • Society
  • Economy
• Medieval Period – Society and Culture with special Reference to Bhakti Movement and Sufism
• Medieval Architecture – Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Period
• The Advent of Europeans and the establishment of British rule
• British rule and its impact on Indian economy
• Revolt 1857–
  • Nature
  • Causes
  • Leadership
  • Events
  • Consequences
  • Causes of defeat
  • Impact
• The socio-religious reform movements and the rise of nationalism
• The Indian freedom movement - 1885 to 1947
• Constitution–
  • Framing
  • Features
  • Working of the Constitution
  • Adoption of the Constitution

History of the World

• Rise of Ancient Civilizations with special reference to Mesopotamia –
  • Urbanization
  • Script
  • Trade
  • Calendar
• Roman and Greek civilization
  • Rise of the empire
  • Administration
  • Society
• Rise of Islam–
  • Teachings
  • Culture
  • Crusades
• Nomadic people of Central Asia
• The Dark age - Feudalism in Europe
  • Manor State
  • Decline
• Renaissance and Reformation period in Europe
• Capitalism and Mercantilism
  • Industrial Revolution
  • Imperialism and colonialism
• China Since 1840 to 1949
• Japan 1840 to 1949

Geography

Topic-1 : Geography as a discipline

Geographical ideas in ancient, medieval & modern periods: the contributions of Varenius, Kant, Reine, Humboldt and Ritter. Influence of Richthofen and Darwin. Videl-de-la Blache, F. Ratzel etc.

Contemporary geography: Post Second World War, Environmentalism, Areal Differentiation, spatial organization, Behavioural and perceptual Geography. Positivism in Geography. Humanistic Geography. Marxist Geography and critical social theory. Development in Indian Geography.

Topic-2: Origin and Evolution of the Earth

Introduction to the solar system,

Motions of Earth: Rotation, Revolution, Occurrence of Day and Night; change of seasons; Latitudes and Longitudes; Finding time.

Earth’s Interior: Origin of contents and ocean basins Wagener’s Continental drift theory, Theory of Plate Tectonics Earthquakes and Volcanoes, Folding and faulting

Origin of the Earth: Nebular hypothesis (Old Theory) and Big-Bang Theory. Evolution of continents, atmosphere and oceans.

Topic-3: Interior of the Earth and Distribution of oceans and continents

Constitution of Earth’s interior (based on Seismic Evidences), origin of the continents and ocean basins. Wegner’s theory of Continental drift and Plate Tectonics. Plate movements and interactions-Volcanism and seismicity.

Topic-4: Landforms

Mineral and rocks- classification of rocks, rock cycle. Important minerals geomorphic process of denudation Endogenic and Exogenic processes. Mass Wasting, Landslide, Work of River, Glacier Wind, Sea Waves etc, processes of soil formation.

Topic-5: Climate:

Atmosphere: Composition and structure. Insolation and temperature, Atmospheric pressure and winds, Atmospheric moisture, cyclones, classification of climate (Koeppen and Thornthwaite Schemes classification). Global climatic changes: Causes and effects.

Topic-6: Water (Ocean)

Geomorphology of the ocean floor, submarine relief features of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean. Movement of ocean water: Currents, tides and waves. Marine deposits and coral reefs.

Topic-7: Life on the Earth

Approaches in environmental Geography, landscape, ecosystem and perception approaches, Man and the Biosphere: Interactive and dynamic relationship. Human impact on biogeochemical cycles.

Topic-8: India

Geographical basis of Indian State-territory; location, extent, shape and size.

Topic-9: Physiography

Structure, Physiographic divisions, Drainage system and its evolution.

Topic-10: Climate, Vegetation and Soil

Climate: factors controlling climate of India Origin and mechanism of Indian monsoon; Seasons of India, Classification of climate of India (Koeppen’s, Thornthwaite, Trewartha).

Soils: Type and distribution (I.C.A.R.), Soil problems, conservation of soil.

Vegetation: Types & Distribution; conservation.

Wild Life: its conservation.

Topic-11: Natural Hazards and disasters

Causes, Consequences and management in India Environmental Hazards: Floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides; human adjustment to hazards; hazards perception and mitigation; environmental institutions and legislation in India.

Topic-12: Human Geography: Nature and Scope

Nature and scope of Human Geography, Approaches to Human Geography, Determinism, Environmental Determinism, Possibilism, Neo-determinism, ecological and Behaviouralism.

Topic-13: People (World and India)

Trends and patterns of population growth: determinants and patterns of population distribution; theories, demographic transition; Human migration, Patterns of human development.

Topic-14: Human Activities: (World and India)

Primary: Hunting, gathering, Herding (Nomadic & Commercial) Lumbering fishing, mining and agriculture; Agricultural practices; some major crops.

Secondary: Industries: Classification, Theories of localization, major Industries, recent trends in industries, world comparisons.

Tertiary: (Services)

Quaternary: Quinary activities

Planning in India: target area planning, idea of sustainable development

Topic-15: Transport, Communication and Trade (World and India)

Transport and communication Roads, railways, waterways and airways; oil and gas pipelines, national electric grids. Communication networking-radio, television, satellite and Internet. International Trade Basis and components, trade balance, major trading organizations, changing pattern of India’s foreign trade, sea-routes, inland water-ways, sea ports and their hinter-land.

Topic-16: Human settlements (World and India)

Unstable and stable settlements, rural settlements: origin, types and patterns; Urban settlements: Origin and growth of towns; functional classification of towns. Problems of urbanization in the world; urbanization in India; Urban slums and squatters. Morphology of cities; distribution of Mega-cities, problems of human settlements in Developing countries.

Topic-17: Geographical perspective on selected issues and problems

Environmental pollution-Land, Water, Air, Noise, Global Warming, Poverty, Food Security; Sustainable Development.

Economics

PART–A

Introductory Microeconomics and Macroeconomics

1. Introduction: Central problems of an economy, production possibility curve and opportunity cost.
2. Consumer Behaviour and Demand: Consumer’s Equilibrium - meaning and attainment of equilibrium through Utility Approach and Indifference Approach, Demand, market demand, determinants of demand, demand curve, movement along and shifts in demand curve. Law of demand and its exceptions. Price elasticity of demand, measurement of price elasticity of demand - percentage, total expenditure and geometric method.
3. Producer Behaviour & Supply: Agents of production. Production function. Cost and Revenue- meaning and various types of costs and revenue. Isoquants. Returns to a factor and returns to scale. Supply, market supply, determinants of supply, supply curve, movement along and shifts in supply curve, price elasticity of supply and its measurement. Components and theories of distribution. Welfare economics: Pareto- optimality, private and social products. Consumer surplus.
4. Forms of Market and Price Determination: Forms of market – meaning and features. Price determination under perfect competition, monopoly and imperfect competitions, effects of shifts in demand and supply.
5. National Income and related aggregates: Macroeconomics: Meaning, Circular flow of income, concepts of GDP, GNP, NDP, NNP (at market price and factor cost), National Disposable Income, Private Income, Personal Income and Personal Disposable Income. Measurement of National Income.
6. Determination of Income and Employment: Aggregate demand, Aggregate supply and their components. Propensity to consume and propensity to save. Involuntary unemployment and full employment. Determination of income and employment. Concept of investment multiplier and its working. Problems of excess and deficient demands Measures to correct excess and deficient demands - availability of credit, change in Government spending. Inflation: meaning, causes and remedies.
7. Money and Banking: Money - meaning, evolution and functions. Central bank - meaning and functions. Commercial banks- meaning and functions. Recent significant reforms and issues in Indian Banking System-privatization and modernisation
8. Government Budget and the Economy: Government budget - meaning and its components. Objectives of the government budget. Classification of receipts; classification of expenditure. Types of budget. Revenue deficit, fiscal deficit and primary deficit: meaning and implications; measures to contain different deficits. Downsizing the role of government.
9. Balance of Payments: Foreign exchange rate- meaning (Fixed and Flexible), merits and demerits; Determination through demand and supply. Balance of payments accounts - meaning and components
10. International Economics: Theories of international trade, free trade and protection, IMF – The World Bank and its associates. WTO.
11. Concepts of shares, debentures, SEBI, NSEW, BSE and various indices.

PART–B

Statistics and Indian Economic development

1. Introduction and collection, organization of data: Meaning, scope and importance of statistics in Economics. Collection and organization of data. Census of India and National Sample Survey Organisation. Statistical Tools and Interpretation: Measures of Central Tendency. Geometric mean and harmonic mean. Measures of Dispersion. Lorenz Curve: Meaning and its application. Correlation – meaning. Measures of correlation - Karl Pearson’s method, Spearman’s rank correlation. Time series analysis. Introduction to Index Numbers - meaning, types - wholesale price index, consumer price index and index of industrial production, uses of index numbers; Inflation and index numbers.
2. Development Policies and Experience: A brief introduction of the state of the Indian economy on the eve of independence. Common goals of Five Years Plans, major controversies on planning in India. Main features, problems and policies of agriculture, industry and foreign trade.
3. Economic Reforms since 1991: Need & main features - liberalization, globalization and privatization; an appraisal of LPG policies
4. Current challenges facing the Indian Economy: Poverty and programmes for poverty alleviation. Rural development: Key issues- credit and marketing - role of cooperatives; agricultural diversification; alternative farming - organic farming. Human Capital Formation. Growth of the Education Sector in India. Employment: opportunities and other related issues. Infrastructural Problems and policies. Sustainable Economic Development: Meaning; Effects of Economic Development on Resources and Environment.
5. Development Experience of India: A comparison with neighbours India and Pakistan, India and China, Issues: growth, population, sectoral development and other developmental indicators.

Biology

Diversity of living world

Taxonomic aids, keys, specimen management; Systematic and binomial system of nomenclature; Classification of living organisms (five kingdom classification, major groups and principles of classification within each group); General description of monera, protozoa, fungi, algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms (major groups of angiosperms upto subclass); Botanical gardens, herbaria, zoological parks and museums. Salient features of animals (non-chordates up to phylum level and chordates up to class level).

Structural organization in plants and animals

Morphology, Anatomy and histology of angiosperms: Root, stem, leaf, flower, inflorescence, fruits and seeds, Tissues: Meristematic and permanent (epidermal, ground, vascular). Cambial activity, secondary growth, type of wood. Animal tissues; Morphology, Anatomy and histology of annelids, insects, amphibians.

Structural and functional organization of cell

Cell cycle, detailed study of Cell division (mitosis, meiosis); Cell death; Structure and function(metabolism) of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids; Enzymology: Classification and nomenclature of enzymes; Structure; Mechanism of action, single substrate and bi-substrate enzyme; Activators and inhibitors of enzymes; Factors affecting the activity of enzymes.

Plant physiology

Water relations: Properties of water, water in tissues and cells, Transport of water and solutes (food, nutrients, gasses): Transport across cell membrane; soil-plant-atmosphere continuum; Minerals required by plant, their absorbable form, functions, deficiency symptoms, essentiality of mineral, N2 metabolism, biological fixation; Cellular Metabolism: Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, hormonal regulation; Oxidation of food, respiratory efficiency of various food components; transport and detoxification of ammonia, Lipid Metabolism; Photosynthesis: Basic principles of light absorption, excitation energy transfer, electron transports, cycles (C2, C3, C4, CAM), plant productivity, measurement of photosynthetic parameters; Physiological responses to abiotic stresses; Sensory photobiology; Plant growth regulators: Growth, differentiation/dedifferentiation and redifferentiation, development; Physiological effects and mechanism of action of plant growth hormones, Flowering : Photoperiodism and its significance, endogenous clock and its regulation, floral induction and development, vernalisation; Plant movements.

Human biology

Morphology, Anatomy, Histology, Physiology, Control and Disorders of Digestion, Respiration, Body fluids and Circulation, Excretion, Skeleton system & muscle, Nervous; Physiology of high altitude.

Sexual Reproduction

Plants: Structural details of angiosperm flower, development of gametophytes, pollination and its types, agencies of pollination, pollen- pistil interaction, fertilization, Artificial hybridization (emasculation and bagging) development of seed and fruit; Apomixis and Polyembryony; Self incompatibility: Structural and biochemical aspects; methods to overcome incompatibility; Experimental Embryology; Human Reproduction: Morphology, Anatomy, Histology and Physiology of reproduction; Neuro-endocrine control; Sexual behaviour in infancy, pre-adolescence, adolescence and of adult; Implantation, Pregnancy and Parturition; Mammary gland and Lactation; Infantile mammary gland, pubertal changes in mammary gland; Structure of adult mammary gland, galactopoiesis, milk let down; Menopause. Senescence – Impact of age on reproduction. Foetal and Embryonic Gonads and Genital ducts; Hormonal basis of sex differentiation; Disorders of sexual differentiation development; Reproductive Health: Problems and strategies, Population explosion –causes and effects, birth control measures- natural methods, physical/barrier, bio-chemical, hormonal, immunological, surgical methods, IUD’s, amniocentesis, female feticide, MMR, IMR, MTP, STD’s, infertility disorders of female and female reproductive systems – Sexual dysfunction; Infertility – Causes and curative measures; Reproductive toxicology of environmental and industrial chemicals, drug and alcohol; Medically assisted human reproductive technologies, GIFT, IUT, ZIFT, TET; Embryo culture.

Genetics

Principles of Inheritance and Variation: Mendelian genetics, Inheritance of one gene, two genes, post mendelian inheritance; Recombination frequency, chromosomal theory of inheritance; Drosophila genetics, linkage and recombinations; Mutation : General properties of mutations; Adaptation versus mutation; molecular basis of gene mutation : DNA repair mechanisms; Pedigree analysis; Human karyotype-banding; genetic and environmental basis of sex determination, Y- and X-linked genes; Numerical and Structural abnormalities of human chromosomes and related syndromes; Human metabolic disorders.; Molecular Basis of Inheritance: Chemical nature of DNA and RNA, Biological functions of nucleic acids; Search for genetic material, RNA world; Replication; Transcription and processing of RNA, Genetic code; Translation, post-translational modifications; Ribosomes and Proteins; Regulation of Gene expression; DNA Fingerprinting; Gene mapping; Chromosome banding; Restriction enzyme, nucleotide sequence comparisons and homologies; Molecular clocks; Genetics in modern agriculture, animal breeding, medicine, human behaviour; Misuse of genetics; Genetic Counseling; Gene therapy; HGP; Gene Activity in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; Signals for gene control – Hormones and growth factors; Totipotency & Pluripotency; Stem cell and Gene therapy; Bacterial transformation, transduction and conjugation, Bacterial chromosome; Bacteriophages : Types, structure and morphology; Evolutionary biology: Cosmic evolution – Physical basis of life; Theories of origin of life; Origin of life through biochemical evolution; Experimental evidences for origin of life; The origin of natural selection; Extraterrestrial life; Evolution of the eukaryotic cell : Evolution of the Metazoa; Evolution of Chordata and the evolution of the major vertebrate classes; Origin and evolution of man : Population Genetics; Genetic variations; Polymorphism; Gene frequency; Hardy Weinberg equilibrium; Genetic drift, founder effect; adaptive radiations, ecological significance of molecular variations.

Biology in Human welfare

Health and disease; types of diseases, common diseases in humans; Immunology – Innate and Acquired immunity; Passive and active immunization; Organization and structure of lymphoid organ; Cells of the immune system and their differentiation; Lymphocyte traffic; Nature of immune response; Structure and Functions of antibodies : Antigen-Antibody interactions; Humoral immune response; Cell mediated immunity; Immunological memory; Auto-immunity; Allergies; HLA system in human : MHC haplotypes; Transplantation types and problems; Immunodeficiency disorders; etiology of HIV; types, genetics and biochemistry of cancer; Drugs and alcohol abuse, Addiction, drug dependence, ill effects, prevention, its abuse in adolescents and its management; Strategies for food production and enhancement: Animal husbandry, management of farm animals, breeding strategies (natural and artificial) and their types, economic importance of each; Plant breeding, method of release of new variety, HYV of common cereals and pulses, bio-fortification, SCP; Tissue culturing, somatic hybridization; Microbes in Human Welfare: Technology associated and use of Microbes in household, industries, medicine, bio-active molecules, sewage treatment and STP, Ganga and Yamuna action plan, biogas production, biocontrol agents, biofertilizers.

Principles of Biotechnology

Genetic engineering tools and technique, technique of separation and isolation of DNA, cloning vectors, electrophoresis, bio reactors, processing of its products. Tissue engineering; Cryopreservation; Fusion methods, detection and applications of monoclonal antibodies, DNA vaccines, Edible vaccines.; Application in agriculture: GMO for pest resistance, RNAi and dsRNA technology, Application in Medicine, genetically engineered products, gene therapy. Molecular diagnosis: serum and urine analysis, PCR, ELISA; Transgenic animals: their physiology, biological products and their use for testing the safety of vaccines and chemicals; Bioethical issues; biopiracy.

Ecology

Organism and its environment, distribution of biomes, major physical factors and the physiological responses shown by organisms; Physical adaptation of plants and animals, rules governing adaptations; Population attributes and growth, logistic curves, Darwinian fitness; Population interactions and their theories; Ecosystem structure and functions, ecosystem productivity and standing crop, decomposition in nature, energy flow in GFC/DFC, ecological pyramids, succession of community; Nutrient cycle; ecosystem services; Biodiversity types and its patterns, importance of diversity, its loss and their causes, conservation strategies; Environmental issues : Types of pollution, their indicators, causes, effects, prevention and treatment; Deforestation, recommended forestation, reforestation, case studies of people’s participation in conservation.