• The primary aim of this paper is to assess the teaching and research capabilities of the candidates. Consequently, candidates are expected to demonstrate cognitive abilities, including comprehension, analysis, evaluation, understanding of argument structure, deductive and inductive reasoning. Additionally, candidates should possess a broad knowledge of teaching and learning in institutes of higher education, along with a general understanding of Information Technology and awareness of the interaction between people, the environment, natural resources, and their impact on quality of life. Paper-I in the UGC NET exam is not specific to any subject but holds significance in determining candidates' eligibility for the Assistant Professorship or Junior Research Fellowship.
• The University Grants Commission has outlined the syllabus for Paper-1, dividing it into 10 units. The question paper comprises 50 multiple-choice questions, with each question offering four options. Candidates are required to select the correct option, and typically, 5 questions are posed from each unit. Each correct answer is awarded 2 marks, and no marks are deducted for incorrect responses. To excel in the UGC NET exam, a thorough understanding of the nature and structure of Paper-I is crucial. Crafting an effective study plan tailored to this paper is essential. Key points to grasp an effective strategy for Paper-1 in the UGC NET exam include:

Understanding the Syllabus

• Candidates are advised to have a comprehensive understanding of the UGC NET Paper-1 syllabus.
• This syllabus encompasses diverse topics, including Teaching Aptitude, Research Aptitude, Comprehension, Communication, Mathematical Reasoning and Aptitude, Logical Reasoning, Data Interpretation, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), People, Development and Environment, and Higher Education System.

Formulating a Comprehensive Study Plan

• Candidates are encouraged to develop a practical and thorough study plan aligned with the syllabus. Identifying both strengths and weaknesses is crucial, allowing candidates to allocate ample time to each subject, with a priority on areas where improvement is needed.
• For a better understanding of what and how much to study in any section of Paper I, referring to previous years' questions is essential. Analyzing past question papers provides valuable insights into the content of various sections of the syllabus and aids in formulating effective study strategies.
• Some points regarding the strategies for major sections are as follows:

Teaching Aptitude

In this section, candidates are advised to focus on the following elements to enhance their understanding:

• Grasping the fundamental principles of the teaching and learning processes.
• Remaining current with evolving educational theories and methodologies.
• Acquiring in-depth knowledge about the teacher's role in the education system.
• Maintaining awareness of contemporary issues in education.

Research Aptitude

Candidates should endeavour to understand the following facets pertaining to Research Aptitude:

• Familiarity with diverse research methods and techniques.
• Engaging in the resolution of research-based queries and the interpretation of data.
• Grasping the fundamentals of statistical methods employed in research.

Comprehension

Comprehension is a section that appears deceptively easy but can be challenging to master. Nonetheless, candidates can achieve success in 'Comprehension' by keeping a few essential points in mind. Strategic considerations for this section include:

• Quickly skim through the questions related to the passage before reading it. This gives you a sense of what information to look for while reading.
• Underline or highlight important terms in the questions. This helps in focusing on the specific information you need to find in the passage.
• Read the passage actively, paying close attention to details. Engage with the text rather than just skimming through.
• Identify the main ideas and key points in each paragraph. Understanding the overall structure of the passage aids in answering questions more accurately.
• Go back to the questions after reading the passage. This ensures that you have a clear understanding of what is being asked and what information is needed to answer each question.
• Eliminate obviously incorrect answer choices. Use your understanding of the passage to eliminate options that do not align with the information provided.

Communication

• Candidates are advised to familiarize themselves with fundamental communication theories, models, and concepts, understanding their applications in various communication forms, including interpersonal, mass media, and organizational contexts.
• Additionally, they should concentrate on comprehending the functioning of mass communication in India, acquainting themselves with the relevant bodies and agencies associated with it.
• Given the somewhat dynamic nature of certain aspects of 'Communication,' candidates are encouraged to stay abreast of current and relevant information.

Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude

• Candidates are encouraged to enhance their proficiency in fundamental arithmetic, including concepts such as percentage, ratios, and proportions. Mastery in solving arithmetic problems requires consistent practice to strengthen numerical aptitude.
• Candidates are advised to give due importance to reasoning too. Regular practice in areas such as series, coding-decoding, and patterns is essential for a thorough understanding and proficiency in reasoning.

Logical Reasoning

This Section in paper-I is significantly different from the traditional reasoning questions asked in various competitive exams. Hence, the candidates should carefully study all the points mentioned in the syllabus and focus on parts, such as– Structure of Arguments, Fallacies, Deductive & Inductive Reasoning, and aspects of Indian Logic.

Data Interpretation

Data interpretation questions at the basic level often involve understanding and analyzing information presented in tables, graphs, or charts. Here are some pointers to help you solve basic-level data interpretation questions:

• Start by reading the title and labels of the given data.
• Understand the units of measurement and any key terms used in the data.
• If the data involves percentages or ratios, calculate them to better understand the relationships between different elements.
• Address each question one by one. Read the questions carefully and refer to the data to find relevant information.
• If exact values are not provided, use the data to make reasonable estimates. This can help in eliminating answer choices that are clearly incorrect.
• Some questions may require basic arithmetic calculations, so make sure you are comfortable with addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
• If you're unsure about an answer, try to eliminate obviously incorrect choices. This can increase your chances of selecting the correct option.
• Data interpretation is a skill that improves with practice. Work on a variety of data sets to become more comfortable with different types of representations. Remember to approach each question systematically and practice regularly to build confidence in your data interpretation skills.

Information & Communication Technology

In this section, candidates are anticipated to possess foundational computer knowledge. It is imperative that the candidate:

• Grasps the fundamentals of Information and Communication Technology (ICT).
• Acquires knowledge about computer applications, internet usage, and e-governance.
• Keeps abreast of current technological trends and advancements in the field of information technology. This knowledge can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of basic computer concepts.

People, Development & Environment

To grasp this section, candidates should:

• Address concerns related to diversity, inclusion, and sustainable development.
• Endeavor to comprehend the interconnections among individuals, society, and the environment.

Higher Education System

Given that the examination pertains to higher education and research, candidates are anticipated to:

• Acquire knowledge about the structure and operations of higher education institutions in India.
• Remain abreast of the latest developments in the higher education sector.

In addition to formulating targeted strategies for each section, candidates are advised to engage in extensive practice by solving Previous Year Papers and Mock Tests. In our UGC NET Paper-I courses (English & Hindi), we offer a substantial number of Mock Tests, complemented by discussions on Previous Year Questions (PYQs) during classes. This comprehensive approach ensures thorough preparation, equipping students to tackle any challenges presented in the exam.

Furthermore, it is recommended that students refer to a comprehensive book covering all relevant sections. We have published a book in both English and Hindi that provides detailed coverage of the necessary topics and includes questions asked from each section in previous years.

By adhering to the outlined strategy with precision, students can aim for high scores in Paper-I, consequently enhancing their prospects for qualifying for the Junior Research Fellowship (JRF).

The Detailed Syllabus for UGC NET Paper-I is as follows:

Unit-I: Teaching Aptitude

• Teaching: Concept, Objectives, Levels of teaching (Memory, Understanding and Reflective), Characteristics and basic requirements.
• Learner’s characteristics: Characteristics of adolescent and adult learners (Academic, Social, Emotional and Cognitive), Individual differences.
• Factors affecting teaching related to: Teacher, Learner, Support material, Instructional facilities, Learning environment and Institution.
• Methods of teaching in Institutions of Higher Learning: Teacher centred vs. Learner centred methods; Off-line vs. On-line methods (Swayam, Swayamprabha, MOOCs etc.).
• Teaching Support System: Traditional, Modern and ICT based.
• Evaluation Systems: Elements and Types of evaluation, Evaluation in Choice Based Credit System in Higher education, Computer based testing, Innovations in evaluation systems.

Unit-II: Research Aptitude

• Research: Meaning, Types, and Characteristics, Positivism and Postpositivistic approach to research.
• Methods of Research: Experimental, Descriptive, Historical, Qualitative and Quantitative methods.
• Steps of Research.
• Thesis and Article Writing: Format and styles of referencing.
• Application of ICT in research.
• Research ethics.

Unit-III: Comprehension

• A passage of text to be given. Questions be asked from the passage to be answered.

Unit-IV: Communication

• Communication: Meaning, types, and characteristics of communication.
• Effective Communication: Verbal and Non-verbal, Inter-Cultural and group communications, Classroom communication.
• Barriers to effective communication.
• Mass-Media and Society.

Unit-V: Mathematical Reasoning and Aptitude

• Types of Reasoning.
• Number series, Letter series, Codes and Relationships.
• Mathematical Aptitude (Fraction, Time & Distance, Ratio, Proportion and Percentage, Profit and Loss, Interest and Discounting, Averages etc.).

Unit-VI: Logical Reasoning

• Understanding the structure of arguments: argument forms, structure of categorical propositions, Mood and Figure, Formal and Informal fallacies, Uses of language, Connotations and denotations of terms, Classical square of opposition.
• Evaluating and distinguishing deductive and inductive reasoning.
• Analogies.
• Venn diagram: Simple and multiple use for establishing validity of arguments.
• Indian Logic: Means of knowledge.
• Pramanas: Pratyaksha (Perception), Anumana (Inference), Upamana (Comparison), Shabda (Verbal testimony), Arthapatti (Implication) and Anupalabddhi (Non-apprehension).
• Structure and kinds of Anumana (inference), Vyapti (invariable relation), Hetvabhasas (fallacies of inference).

Unit-VII: Data Interpretation

• Sources, acquisition, and classification of Data.
• Quantitative and Qualitative Data.
• Graphical representation (Bar-chart, Histograms, Pie-chart, Table-chart and Line-chart) and mapping of Data.
• Data Interpretation.
• Data and Governance

Unit-VIII: Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

• ICT: General abbreviations and terminology.
• Basics of Internet, Intranet, E-mail, Audio and Video-conferencing.
• Digital initiatives in higher education.
• ICT and Governance.

Unit-IX: People, Development and Environment

• Development and Environment: Millennium development and Sustainable development goals.
• Human and Environment Interaction: Anthropogenic activities and their impacts on environment.
• Environmental Issues: Local, Regional and Global; Air pollution, Water pollution, Soil pollution, Noise pollution, Waste (solid, liquid, biomedical hazardous, electronic), Climate change and its Socio-Economic and Political dimensions.
• Impacts of pollutants on human health.
• Natural and Energy Resources: Solar, Wind, Soil, Hydro, Geothermal, Biomass, Nuclear and Forests.
• Natural Hazards and Disasters: Mitigation strategies.
• Environmental Protection Act (1986), National Action Plan on Climate Change, International agreements/efforts -Montreal Protocol, Rio Summit, Convention on Biodiversity, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, International Solar Alliance.

Unit-X: Higher Education System

• Institutions of higher learning and education in ancient India.
• Evolution of higher learning and research in Post Independence India.
• Oriental, Conventional and Non-conventional learning programmes in India.
• Professional, Technical and Skill Based education.
• Value education and environmental education.
• Policies, Governance, and Administration.

Recognizing the Significance of Paper 1

Paper 1 serves as the foundation for your performance. It evaluates teaching and research aptitude, reasoning ability, comprehension, and general awareness. A balanced approach is crucial, as neglecting Paper 1 could jeopardize your overall score.

Adhering to the Latest UGC Syllabus and Pattern

Staying updated with the latest UGC syllabus and exam pattern is non-negotiable. It forms the blueprint for your preparation, ensuring that you focus on the relevant topics and align your studies with the examination's expectations.

Structuring the Syllabus

Divide the English Literature syllabus into manageable subdivisions, categorizing different ages and world literatures as separate chapters. This systematic breakdown aids in targeted preparation, allowing you to delve deep into each category and ensure comprehensive coverage.

Key Areas to Focus

• Literary Periods: Be well-versed with different literary periods such as Medieval, Renaissance, Romanticism, Victorian, Modernism, Postmodernism, etc.
• Major Authors and Works: Have a good understanding of significant authors, their notable works, and their contributions to English Literature.
• Literary Theory and Criticism: Familiarize yourself with different literary theories (like structuralism, post-structuralism, feminism, postcolonialism, etc.) and their applications in analyzing texts.
• Genres and Movements: Understand various literary genres (poetry, prose, drama) and literary movements (metaphysical poetry, realism, modernist literature, etc.).

Take Notes and Revise

While reading, make concise notes on important themes, literary devices, author backgrounds, historical contexts, and critical interpretations. Study historical and cultural contexts that influenced literary works and authors. Create summary notes, mind maps, or flashcards for quick revision. Condense information into manageable chunks for effective retention.

Learning through Practice

Engage in active learning by practicing a multitude of Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) from each unit. Regularly revisiting these questions reinforces your understanding of theoretical concepts. The process becomes an inadvertent learning method, enhancing retention and recall during the examination.

Broadening Knowledge Horizons

While specializing in English Literature, don't shy away from broadening your knowledge. Incorporate diverse subjects like "Cultural Studies" and "Research Methods and Materials in English" into your study plan. This not only adds depth to your understanding but also prepares you for interdisciplinary questions.

Mock Tests and Time Management

Take mock tests regularly to simulate exam conditions. Work on improving speed and accuracy in answering questions. This approach will help you in managing the time while appearing for the examination.

Leveraging Previous Years' Papers

Utilize the NTA UGC NET Previous Years Papers for English Literature as invaluable resources. Analyze question patterns, identify recurring themes, and understand the weightage given to different topics. This insight will guide your preparation and help you focus on high-priority areas.

Cultivating a Positive Approach and Diligent Work Ethic

Maintain a positive mindset throughout your preparation journey. Combine it with a strong work ethic, ensuring consistent and dedicated study sessions. Balancing hard work with a positive outlook enhances both your productivity and performance.

In conclusion, success in UGC NET English Literature demands a holistic approach. Acknowledge the importance of Paper 1, stay aligned with the latest syllabus, and employ a structured, diversified, and practice-centric study plan. By integrating these strategies, you pave the way for a comprehensive and effective preparation that maximizes your chances of excelling in the examination. Remember, consistency and persistence are key. Break down your study sessions into manageable chunks and stick to a schedule. Also, seek guidance from professors or mentors if needed. Good luck with your preparation!

The Detailed Syllabus for UGC NET Paper-II (English Literature) is as follows:

• Unit–I: Drama
• Unit–II: Poetry
• Unit–III: Fiction, short story
• Unit–IV: Non-Fictional Prose

Note: The first four units must also be tested through comprehension passages to assess critical reading, critical thinking and writing skills. These four units will cover all literatures in English.

• Unit–V: Language: Basic concepts, theories and pedagogy. English in Use.
• Unit–VI: English in India: history, evolution and futures
• Unit–VII: Cultural Studies
• Unit–VIII: Literary Criticism
• Unit–IX: Literary Theory post World War II
• Unit–X: Research Methods and Materials in English

To crack any examination, strategy is an important segment. One needs to balance between the time for learning and covering the syllabus, as well as revision. There is a four-step strategy to crack UGC NET examination for Paper II: Political Science.

Step One: Comprehensive Assessment of the Syllabus

Aspirants must understand the syllabus thoroughly. There are ten units in total. Each unit reflects the areas covered under Undergraduate and Post-Graduate courses (Central, State, Deemed and Private Universities). Unit 1 deals with political theory, it covers broad political traditions and concepts. Unit 2 consists of a list of thinkers from across the world. Unit 3 has a list of thinkers from India (Ancient to Modern period). Unit 4 consists of comparative political analysis, here students find similarities to Unit 1. Many concepts tend to converge. Unit 5 is about international relations and has similarities to Unit 6 (India’s foreign policy). In both units’ diplomacy related concepts, institutions and debates have common elements. Unit 7 and Unit 8 deals with Indian political system, institutions and political processes. Unit 9 and Unit 10 share common ground with public administration and governance (Indian context).

Step Two: Significance of Previous Years’ Questions

Aspirants must engage in a deeper analysis of previous years’ question papers. This helps in building a coherent view about the nature of the examination, and it would help in time management. It enhances an aspirant’s understanding of the pattern of questions. At this stage one can self-assess their weak and strong points.

Step Three: Types of Questions

There are six types of questions.

• Direct Questions
• Subjective Statement Analysis [two types]
• Who Said What?
• Chronology Based
• Identification of Books
• Match List I with List II

Step Four: Significance of Mock Tests and Revision

Develop a study schedule that allocates time for each topic based on its weightage and your proficiency in the subject. Allocate more time to complex or challenging topics while ensuring you cover the entire syllabus. Here goal is to make proper notes, revision at regular intervals and practicing mock tests. Gather recommended textbooks, reference books, notes, and study materials. Ensure they cover the entire syllabus and provide comprehensive explanations. Start by revising the fundamental concepts and theories in Political Science. Understand the basics of political theory, comparative politics, international relations, Indian government and politics, and public administration. Stay updated with current affairs related to political events, international relations, government policies, and important developments in the field of Political Science.

The Detailed Syllabus for UGC NET Paper-II (Political Science) is as follows:

Unit -1: Political Theory

Concepts

Liberty, Equality, Justice, Rights, Democracy, Power, Citizenship,

Political Traditions

Liberalism, Conservatism, Socialism, Marxism, Feminism, Ecologism, Multiculturalism and Postmodernism

Unit -2: Political Thought

Confucius, Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Hegel, Mary Wollstonecraft, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx, Gramsci, Hannah Arendt, Frantz Fanon, Mao Zedong, John Rawls

Unit -3: Indian Political Thought

Dharamshastra, Kautilya, Aggannasutta, Barani, Kabir, Pandita Ramabai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Swami Vivekanand, Rabindranath Tagore, M.K Gandhi, Sri Aurobindo, Periyar E. V. Ramasamy, Muhammad Iqbal, M.N.Roy, V D Savarkar, Dr. B.R.Ambedkar, J L Nehru, Ram Manohar Lohia, Jaya Prakash Narayan, Deendayal Upadhyaya

Unit -4: Comparative Political Analysis

Approaches: Institutional, Political Culture, Political Economy and New Institutionalism; Comparative Methods

Colonialism and Decolonization: forms of colonialism, anti-colonial struggles and decolonization

Nationalism: European and non-European.

State Theory: debate over the nature of state in capitalist and socialist societies; post-colonial state; welfare state; globalization and nations-states

Political Regimes: democratic (Electoral, Liberal, Majoritarian and Participatory) and non-democratic regimes (Patrimonialism, Bureaucratic authoritarianism, Military dictatorship, Totalitarianism, and fascist).

Constitutions and Constitutionalism: forms of constitutions, rule of law, judicial independence and liberal constitutionalism; emergency powers and crisis of constitutionalism.

Democratisation: democratic transition and consolidation.

Development: Underdevelopment, Dependency, Modernization, World Systems Theory, development and democracy.

Structures of Power: ruling class, power elites, democratic elitism

Actor and Processes: Electoral Systems, Political Parties and Party System, Interest groups, Social movements, new social movements, Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and civil society campaigns; Revolutions.

Unit -5: International Relations

Approaches to the study of International relations: Idealism, Realism, Structural Marxism, Neoliberalism, Neorealism, Social Constructivism, Critical International Theory, Feminism, Postmodernism.

Concepts: State, state system and non-state actors, Power, Sovereignty, Security: traditional and non- traditional.

Conflict and Peace: Changing Nature of Warfare; Weapons of mass destruction; deterrence; conflict resolution, conflict transformation.

United Nations: Aims, Objectives, Structure and Evaluation of the Working of UN; Peace and Development perspectives; Humanitarian intervention. International law; International Criminal Court Political Economy of IR; Globalisation; Global governance and Bretton Woods system, North-South Dialogue, WTO, G-20, BRICS.

Regional Organisations: European Union, African Union, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, ASEAN.

Contemporary Challenges: International terrorism, Climate change and Environmental Concerns, Human Rights, Migration and Refugees; Poverty and Development; Role of Religion, Culture and Identity Politics.

Unit - 6: India’s Foreign Policy

Perspectives on India’s Foreign Policy: India’s Identity as postcolonial, development, rising power and as emerging political economy.

Continuity and change in India’s Foreign Policy: Principles and determinants; non-alignment movement: historical background and relevance of Non Aligned Movement; India’s Nuclear Policy

India’s relations with major powers: USA, USSR/Russia, People’s Republic of China

India’s Engagement with Multipolar World: India’s relations with European Union, BRICS, ASEAN, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, African Union, Southern African Development Community, Gulf Cooperation Council.

India’s relations with neighbourhood: SAARC, Gujaral doctrine, Look East/ Act East, Look West.

India’s Negotiation Strategies in International Regimes: The United Nations, World Trade Organisation, International Monetary Fund, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Contemporary challenges: maritime security, energy security, environmental security, migrants and refugees, water resources, international terrorism, cyber security.

Unit - 7: Political Institutions in India

Making of the Indian Constitution: Colonialism heritage and the contribution Indian National Movement to the making of the Indian Constitution.

Constituent Assembly: Composition, Ideological Moorings, Constitutional Debates.

Philosophy of the Constitution: Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles.

Constitutionalism in India: Democracy, Social Change, National Unity, Checks and Balances, Basic Structure Debate, Constitutional Amendments.

Union Executive: President, Prime Minister and Council of Ministers.

Union Parliament: Structure, Role and Functioning, Parliamentary Committees

Judiciary: Supreme Court, High Court, Judicial Review, Judicial Activism, Judicial Reform.

Executive and Legislature in the States: Governor, Chief Minister, State Legislature.

Federalism in India: Strong Centre Framework, Asymmetrical Federal Provisions and Adaption, Role of Intergovernmental Coordination Mechanisms, Inter-State Council, Emerging Trends.

Electoral Process and Election Commission of India: Conduct of Elections, Rules, Electoral Reforms.

Local Government Institutions: Functioning and reforms.

Constitutional and Statutory Bodies: Comptroller and Auditor General, National Commission for Scheduled Castes, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, National Commission for Human Rights, National Commission for Women, National Commission for Minorities.

Unit - 8: Political Processes in India

State, Economy and Development: Nature of Indian State, Development Planning model, New Economic Policy, Growth and Human Development.

Process of Globalisation: social and economic implications.

Identity Politics: Religion, Tribe, Caste, Region, Language.

Social Movements: Dalit, Tribal, Women, Farmers, labour

Civil Society Groups: Non-Party Social Formations, Non-Governmental Organisations, Social Action Groups.

Regionalisation of Indian Politics: Reorganisation of Indian States, States as Political and Economic Units, Sub-State Regions, Regional disparities, Demand for New States,

Gender and Politics in India: Issues of Equality and Representation.

Ideology and Social basis of Political Parties: National Parties, State Parties.

Electoral Politics: Participation, Contestation, Representation, Emerging trends.

Unit - 9: Public Administration

Public Administration: Meaning and evolution; public and private administration Approaches: System Theory, Decision Making, Ecological Approach.

Public administration theories and concepts: Scientific Management Theory, Rational Choice theory, New Public Administration, Development Administration, Comparative Public Administration, New Public Management, changing nature of Public Administration in the era of liberalisation and Globalisation.

Theories and Principles of Organization: Scientific Management Theory, Bureaucratic Theory, Human Relations Theory.

Managing the organization: Theories of leadership and motivation.

Organisational Communication: Theories and Principles, Chester Bernard Principles of Communication, Information Management in the organization

Managing Conflict in the Organization: Mary Parker Follett

Management by Objectives- Peter Drucker

Unit – 10: Governance and Public Policy in India

Governance, good governance and democratic governance, role of state, civil society and individuals.

Accountability and control: Institutional mechanism for checks and balances, legislative control over executive, administrative and budgetary control, control through parliamentary committees, judicial control over legislature and executive, administrative culture, corruption and administrative reforms

Institutional Mechanisms for Good Governance: Right to Information, Consumer Protection Act, Citizen Charter; Grievance redress system: Ombudsman, Lokpal, Lokayukta.

Grassroots Governance: Panchayati Raj Institutions and their functioning.

Planning and Development: Decentralised planning, planning for development, sustainable development, participatory development, e-governance; NITI Aayog.

Public policy as an instrument of socio-economic development: public policies with special reference to housing, health, drinking water, food security, MGNREGA, NRHM, RTE.

Monitoring and evaluation of public policy; mechanisms of making governance process accountable: jansunwai, social audit.

Understanding the essence and framework of History subjects is crucial for formulating an effective preparation strategy and excelling in the UGC NET exam. To grasp the examination's nature and assess their readiness, candidates should consult previous years' question papers. Presented below is a successful strategy tailored for the UGC NET examination in History, which, if followed, can lead candidates to success in the exam.

Segmented Analysis

• Commence your studies with NCERT textbooks before progressing to more advanced reference materials.
• Enhance your understanding by delving into the works of renowned historians through standard publications or books.

Comprehensive Study

• Organize your preparation by categorizing it into distinct historical periods such as ancient, medieval, modern, etc.
• Construct a timeline to enhance comprehension of the chronological sequence of events.

Thematic Approach

• Explore subjects such as political, economic, social, and cultural facets within each historical era.
• Examine the evolution of these themes across different time periods.

Art and Architecture

• Grasp the progression of art and architecture across diverse historical epochs.
• Establish connections between art and the socio-cultural milieu of each era.

Archaeology

• Familiarize yourself with archaeological methodologies and discoveries.
• Correlate archaeological findings with historical narratives and events.

Historiography

• Comprehend various historical schools of thought.
• Explore the evolution of interpretations surrounding historical events.

Use of Maps and Diagrams

• Hone map-making and timeline creation skills to illustrate historical events.
• Refine the presentation of historical arguments through visual aids, enhancing conceptual understanding and aiding in content revision.

Previous Year Question Papers

• Resolve past year question papers to discern the exam pattern.
• Identify key themes and recurring trends in question formulation.

Mock Tests

• Engage in regular mock tests to replicate exam conditions.
• Assess your performance, concentrating on areas of weakness.
• Refine time management skills during mock tests.

Content Review Strategy

• Compile concise notes for quick syllabus revision.
• Regularly review notes to reinforce information

Current Events Integration

• Establish connections between historical events and contemporary occurrences.
• Grasp the contemporary relevance of historical developments.

Study Group Participation

• Collaborate with peers and participate in study groups for idea exchange.
• Share insights and learn from fellow students.

Staying Updated with Historical Research

• Stay informed about current trends and publications in historical research.
• Stay abreast of the latest works by renowned contemporary historians.

Time Management

• Allocate ample time to study all historical periods and subjects.
• Prioritize topics based on their weightage and significance.

Repetition

• Regularly revisit historical facts, dates, and explanations.
• Utilize mnemonic devices to aid in remembering key details.

Mental Maps and Diagrams

• Create visual representations such as mind maps for historical concepts.
• Utilize diagrams to illustrate historical processes.

Feedback and Improvement

• Seek continuous feedback from mentors or teachers.
• Consistently work on enhancing your weaknesses.

The Detailed Syllabus for UGC NET Paper-II (History) is as follows:

Unit – I

• Negotiating the Sources: Archaeological sources: Exploration, Excavation, Epigraphy and Numismatics. Dating of Archaeological Sites. Literary Sources: Indigenous Literature: Primary and Secondary: problem of dating Religious and Secular Literature, Myths, Legends, etc. Foreign Accounts: Greek, Chinese and Arabic.
• Pastoralism and Food production: Neolithic and Chalcolithic Phase: Settlement, distribution, tools and patterns of exchange.
• Indus/Harappa Civilization: Origin, extent, major sites, settlement pattern, craft specialization, religion, society and polity, Decline of Indus Civilization, Internal and external trade, First urbanization in India.
• Vedic and later Vedic periods; Aryan debates, Political and Social Institutions, State Structure and Theories of State; Emergence of Varnas and Social Stratification, Religious and Philosophical Ideas. Introduction of Iron Technology, Megaliths of South India.
• Expansion of State system: Mahajanapadas, Monarchical and Republican States, Economic and Social Developments and Emergence of Second Urbanization in 6th century BCE; Emergence of heterodox sects-Jainism, Buddhism and Ajivikas.

Unit – II

• From State to Empire: Rise of Magadha, Greek invasion under Alexander and its effects, Mauryan expansion, Mauryan polity, society, economy, Asoka’s Dhamma and its Nature, Decline and Disintegration of the Mauryan Empire, Mauyan art and architecture, Asokan edicts: language and script.
• Dissolution of Empire and Emergence of Regional Powers: Indo-Greeks, Sungas, Satavahanas, Kushanas and Saka-Ksatrapas, Sangam literature, polity and society in South India as reflected in Sangam literature. Trade and commerce from 2nd century BCE to 3rd century CE, Trade with the Roman World, Emergence of Mahayana Buddhism, Kharavela and Jainism, Post-Mauryan art and Architecture. Gandhara, Mathura and Amaravati schools.
• Gupta Vakataka age: Polity and Society, Agrarian Economy, Land Grants, Land Revenue and Land Rights, Gupta Coins, Beginning of Temple Architecture, Emergence of Puranic Hinduism, Development of Sanskrit Language and Literature. Developments in Science Technology, Astronomy, Mathematics and Medicine.
• Harsha and his Times: Administration and Religion.
• Salankayanas and Visnukundins in Andhradesa.

Unit-III

• Emergence of Regional Kingdoms: Kingdoms in Deccan: Gangas, Kadmabas, Western and Eastern Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Kalyani Chalukyas, Kakatiyas, Hoysalas and Yadavas.
• Kingdoms in South India: Pallavas, Ceras, Colas and Pandyas,
• Kingdoms in Eastern India: Palas and Senas of Bengal, Varmans of Kamarupa, Bhaumakaras and Somavamsis of Odisha.
• Kingdoms in Western India: Maitrakas of Vallabhi and Chalukyas of Gujarat.
• Kingdoms in North India: Gurjara-Pratiharas, Kalacuri-Chedis, Gahadavalas and Paramaras.
• Characteristics of Early Medieval India: Administration and Political Structure Legitimation of Kingship.
• Agrarian economy; land grants, changing production relations; graded land rights and peasantry, water resources, taxation system, coins and currency system.
• Trade and urbanization: patterns of trade, and urban settlements, ports and trade routes, merchandise and exchange, trade guilds; trade and colonization in southeast Asia.
• Growth of Brahminical religions: Vaisnavism and Saivism; Temples; Patronage and Regional Ramification; Temple Architecture and Regional Styles. Dana, Tirtha and Bhakti, Tamil Bhakti movement - Shankara, Madhava and Ramanujacharya.
• Society: Varna, Jati and Proliferation of Castes, Position of women; Gender, marriage and property relations; Women in public life. Tribes as peasants and their place in Varna order. Untouchability.
• Education and Educational Institutions: Agraharas, Mathas and Mahaviharas as Centres of Education. Growth of Regional Languages.
• Debates of state formation in early medieval India: A) Feudal model; B) Segmentary model; C) Integrative model
• Arab contacts: Suleiman Ghaznavid conquests. Alberuni’s Accounts.

Unit – IV

• Sources of Medieval Indian History: Archaeological, Epigraphic and Numismatic sources, Material evidences, and Monuments; Chronicles; Literary sources – Persian, Sanskrit and Regional languages; Daftar Khannas: Firmans, Bahis / Pothis / Akhbarat; Foreign Travellers’ Accounts – Persian and Arabic.
• Political Developments – The Delhi Sultanate – the Ghorids, the Turks, the Khaljis, the Tughlaqs, theSayyids and the Lodis. Decline of Delhi Sultanate.
• Foundation of the Mughal Empire – Babur, Humayun and the Suris ; Expansion and Consolidation from Akbar to Aurangzeb. Decline of the Mughal Empire.
• Later Mughals and Disintegration of the Mughal Empire.
• The Vijayanagara and the Bahmanis - Deccan Sultanate; Bijapur, Golkonda, Bidar, Berar and Ahmadnagar – Rise, Expansion and Disintegration; Eastern Gangas and Suryavamshi Gajapatis.
• Kingdoms in North India: Gurjara-Pratiharas, Kalacuri-Chedis, Gahadavalas and Paramaras.
• Rise of the Marathas & the foundation of Swaraj by Shivaji; its expansion under the Peshwas; Mughal – Maratha relations, Maratha Confederacy, Causes of Decline.

Unit – V

• Administration & Economy: Administration under the Sultanate, Nature of State – Theocratic and Theocentric, Central, Provincial and Local Administration, Law of succession.
• Sher Shah’s Administrative Reforms ; Mughal Administration – Central, Provincial and Local : Mansabdari and Jagirdari Systems.
• Administrative System in the Deccan – The Vijayanagara State & Polity, Bahamani Administrative System; Maratha Administration – Asta Pradhan.
• Frontier Policies under Delhi Sultanate and Mughals.
• Inter-State Relations during the Sultanate and the Mughals.
• Agricultural Production and Irrigation System, Village Economy, Peasantry, Grants and Agricultural Loans, Urbanization and Demographic Structure.
• Industries – Cotton Textiles, Handicrafts, Agro-Based industries, Organisation, Factories & Technology.
• Trade and Commerce – State Policies, Internal and External Trade: European Trade, Trade Centres and Ports, Transport and Communication.
• Hundi (Bills of Exchange) and Insurance, State Income and Expenditure, Currency, Mint System; Famines and Peasant Revolts.

Unit – VI

• Society and Culture: Social Organisation and Social Structure.
• The Sufis – Their Orders, Beliefs and Practices, the leading Sufi Saints, Social Synchronization.
• Bhakti Movement – Shaivism; Vaishnavism, Shaktism.
• The Saints of the Medieval Period – North and South – their impact on Socio-political and Religious Life – Women Saints of Medieval India.
• The Sikh Movement – Guru Nanak Dev: his teachings and practices, Adi Granth; the Khalsa.
• Social Classification: Ruling Class, Major Religious Groups, the Ulemas, the Mercantile and Professional Classes – Rajput Society.
• Rural society – Petty Chieftains, Village Officials, Cultivators and Non-Cultivating Classes, Artisans.
• Position of Women – Zanana System – Devadasi System.
• Development of Education, Centres of Education and Curriculum, Madarasa Education.
• Fine Arts – Major Schools of Painting – Mughal, Rajasthani, Pahari, Garhwali; Development of Music.
• Art and Architecture, Indo-Islamic Architecture, Mughal Architecture, Regional Styles.
• Indo-Arabic Architecture, Mughal Gardens, Maratha Forts, Shrines and Temples.

Unit –VII

• Sources of Modern Indian History: Archival Materials, Biographies and Memoirs, Newspapers, Oral Evidence, Creative Literature and Painting, Monuments, Coins.
• Rise of British Power: European Traders in India in the 16th to 18th Centuries – Portuguese, Dutch, French and the British.
• Establishment and Expansion of British Dominion in India.
• British Relations with Principal Indian States – Bengal, Oudh, Hyderabad, Mysore, Carnatic and Punjab.
• Revolt of 1857, Causes, Nature and Impact.
• Administration of the Company and the Crown; Evolution of Central and Provincial Structure under East India Company. Paramountcy, Civil Service, Judiciary, Police and the Army under the Company; British Policy and Paramountcy in the Princely States under the Crown.
• Local Self-Government.
• Constitutional Changes, 1909 – 1935.

Unit – VIII

• Colonial Economy: Changing Composition, Volume and Direction of Trade.
• Expansion and Commercialization of Agriculture, Land Rights, Land Settlements, Rural Indebtedness, Landless Labour, Irrigation and Canal System.
• Decline of Industries – Changing Socio-Economic Conditions of Artisans; De-urbanisation; Economic Drain; World Wars and Economy.
• British Industrial Policy; Major Modern Industries; Nature of Factory Legislation; Labour and Trade Union Movements.
• Monetary Policy, Banking, Currency and Exchange, Railways and Road Transport, Communications – Post & Telegraph.
• Growth of New Urban Centres; New Features of Town Planning and Architecture, Urban Society and Urban Problems.
• Famines, Epidemics and the Government Policy.
• Tribal and Peasant Movements.
• Indian Society in Transition: Contact with Christianity – the Missions and Missionaries; Critique of Indian Social and Economic Practices and Religious Beliefs; Educational and Other Activities.
• The New Education – Government Policy; Levels and Contents; English Language; Development of Science, Technology, Public Health & Medicine – Towads Modernism.
• Indian Renaissance – Socio-Religious Reforms; Emergence of Middle Class; Caste Associations and Caste Mobility
• Women’s Question – Nationalist Discourse; Women’s Organisations; British Legislation concerning Women, Gender Identity & Constitutional Position.
• The Printing Press – Journalistic Activity and the Public opinion.
• Modernisation of Indian Languages and Literary Forms – Reorientation in Painting, Music and Performing Arts.

Unit – IX

• Rise of Indian Nationalism: Social and Economic basis of Nationalism.
• Birth of Indian National Congress; Ideologies and Programmes of the Indian National Congress, 1885-1920: Early Nationalists, Assertive Nationalists and Revolutionaries.
• Swadeshi and Swaraj.
• Gandhian Mass Movements;Subas Chandra Bose and INA; Role of Middle Class in National Movement; Women Participation in National Movement.
• Left Wing Politics.
• Depressed Class Movement.
• Communal Politics; Muslim League and Genesis of Pakistan.
• Towards Independence and Partition.
• India after Independence Challenges of Partition; Integration of the Indian Princely States; Kashmir, Hyderabad & Junagarh.
• B.R. Ambedkar –The making of the Indian Constitution, its Features.
• The Structure of Bureaucracy.
• New Education Policy.
• Economic Policies and the Planning process; Development, Displacement and Tribal Issues.
• Linguistic Reorganisation of States; Centre-State Relations.
• Foreign Policy Initiatives – Panchsheel; Dynamics of Indian Politics-Emergency; Liberalisation, Privatisation & Globalisation of Indian Economy.

Unit – X

• Historical Method, Research, Methodology and Historiography:
  • Scope and Importance of History
  • Objectivity and Bias in History
  • Heuristics Operation, Criticism in History, Synthesis and Presentation
  • History and its Auxiliary Sciences
  • History a Science, Arts or a Social Science
  • Causation and Imagination in History
  • Significance of Regional History
  • Recent Trends of Indian History
  • Research Methodology
  • Hypothesis in History
  • Area of Proposed Research
  • Sources – Data Collection, Primary / Secondary, Original and Transit Sources
  • Trends in Historical Research
  • Recent Indian Historiography
  • Selection of Topic in History
  • Notes Taking, References, Footnotes and Bibliography
  • Thesis and Assignment Writing
  • Plagiarism, Intellectual Dishonesty and History Writing
  • Beginnings of Historical Writings – Greek, Roman and Church
  • Historiography
  • Renaissance and its Impact on History Writing
  • Negative and Positive Schools of Historical Writing
  • Berlin Revolution in History Writing – Von Ranke
  • Marxist Philosophy of History – Scientific Materialism
  • Cyclical Theory of History – Oswald Spengler
  • Challenge and Response Theory – Arnold Joseph Toynbee
  • Post – Modernism in History.

Concepts, Ideas and Terms

Bharatvarsha Sabha and Samiti Varnasrama Vedanta Purusharthas Rina Samskaras Yajna Ganarajya Janapada Doctrine of Karma Dandaniti / Arthasastra / Saptanga Amaram Raya-Rekho Jangama / Dasa Madarasa / Maqtab Chauth / Sardeshmukhi Sarai Polygars Jagir / Shariyat Dastur Mansab (Rank) Deshmukh Nadu / Ur Ulema Firman Ain-i-Dashsalah Pargana Shahna-i-Mandi

Dharmavijaya Stupa / Chaitya / Vihara Nagara / Dravida / Vesara Bodhisattva / Tirthankara Alvars / Nayanars Sreni Bhumi-chidra-vidhana-nyaya Kara-bhoga-bhaga Vishti Stridhana Mahalwari Hind Swaraj Mercantilism Economic Nationalism De-Industrialisation Indian Renaissance Economic Drain Colonialism Paramountcy Dyarchy Federalism Utilitarianism Filtration Theory Forward Policy Doctrine of Lapse Satyagraha Swadeshi

Memorial Stones Agraharas Khilafat Sulah-i-kul Turkan-i-Chahlghani Watan Baluta Taquavi Iqta Jaziya Zakat Madad-i-maash Revivalism Communalism Orientalism Oriental Despotism Subsidiary Alliance Evangelicalism Bhudan Panchsheel Mixed Economy Socialism Hindu Code Bill Historical Methods Plagiarism Ethics and Morality in History Writing

Without the right strategy to crack UGC NET Commerce, you are just shooting in the dark!

Four-Step Strategy to Crack UGC NET Commerce Examination

Commerce is one of the most popular subjects among students for cracking the UGC NET Exam. This is because the maximum selections in the UGC NET Examination are from the Commerce subject only. Preparing for the UGC NET Commerce examination requires an effective strategy tailored to the requirements of each particular aspirant. However, one can put forth these vital ingredients as part of the strategy to crack the UGC NET Commerce Examination:

Step 1: Thorough Understanding of the Syllabus

This must be in your pocket at all times, and you must know what to cover and what to leave while sifting through different sorts of materials which you will come across. The syllabus for the UGC NET Commerce examination comprises 10 units as follows:

• Unit 1: Business Environment and International Business
• Unit 2: Accounting and Auditing
• Unit 3: Business Economics
• Unit 4: Business Finance
• Unit 5: Business Statistics and Research Methods
• Unit 6: Business Management and Human Resource Management
• Unit 7: Banking and Financial Institutions
• Unit 8: Marketing Management
• Unit 9: Legal Aspects of Business
• Unit 10: Income-tax and Corporate Tax Planning

In addition, students have to prepare for 10 units of UGC Net Paper I, i.e., Teaching and Research Aptitude.

Step 2: Analysis of Past Year Papers

There is a popular proverb – 'The past is the window to the future.' This is also true for the UGC NET Commerce Examination. Analysis of previous year papers will acquaint you better with the examination pattern, nature of questions asked, and level of knowledge tested.

Step 3: Prioritization of Important Units

Once you have understood the syllabus and nature of past year questions, you need to prioritize the units. This would help you focus on the units from which more questions are asked. This would also depend on your comfort level with that particular unit. The best way to judge your comfort level in any unit is to solve the recent attempt's paper and evaluate your score in different units.

Step 4: Lots of Practice

As with any exam, the importance of lots of practice cannot be denied if one wishes to crack the UGC NET Commerce examination. This is only going to fetch you good marks in the end. Attempt lots of questions and full-length simulated mocks to test your preparation at adequate intervals.

Note: While practicing questions, focus on the quality of questions solved and not the quantity.

The Detailed Syllabus for UGC NET Paper-II (Commerce) is as follows:

Unit 1: Business Environment and International Business

• Concepts and elements of business environment: Economic environment- Economic systems, Economic policies (Monetary and fiscal policies); Political environment- Role of government in business; Legal environment- Consumer Protection Act, FEMA; Socio-cultural factors and their influence on business; Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
• Scope and importance of international business; Globalization and its drivers; Modes of entry into international business
• Theories of international trade; Government intervention in international trade; Tariff and non-tariff barriers; India's foreign trade policy
• Foreign direct investment (FDI) and Foreign portfolio investment (FPI); Types of FDI, Costs and benefits of FDI to home and host countries; Trends in FDI; India's FDI policy
• Balance of payments (BOP): Importance and components of BOP
• Regional Economic Integration: Levels of Regional Economic Integration; Trade creation and diversion effects; Regional Trade Agreements: European Union (EU), ASEAN, SAARC, NAFTA
• International Economic institutions: IMF, World Bank, UNCTAD
• World Trade Organisation (WTO): Functions and objectives of WTO; Agriculture Agreement; GATS; TRIPS; TRIMS

Unit 2: Accounting and Auditing

• Basic accounting principles; concepts and postulates
• Partnership Accounts: Admission, Retirement, Death, Dissolution and Insolvency of partnership firms
• Corporate Accounting: Issue, forfeiture and reissue of shares; Liquidation of companies; Acquisition, merger, amalgamation and reconstruction of companies
• Holding company accounts
• Cost and Management Accounting: Marginal costing and Break-even analysis; Standard costing; Budgetary control; Process costing; Activity Based Costing (ABC); Costing for decision-making; Life cycle costing, Target costing, Kaizen costing and JIT
• Financial Statements Analysis: Ratio analysis; Funds flow Analysis; Cash flow analysis
• Human Resources Accounting; Inflation Accounting; Environmental Accounting
• Indian Accounting Standards and IFRS
• Auditing: Independent financial audit; Vouching; Verification ad valuation of assets and liabilities; Audit of financial statements and audit report; Cost audit
• Recent Trends in Auditing: Management audit; Energy audit; Environment audit; Systems audit; Safety audit

Unit 3: Business Economics

• Meaning and scope of business economics
• Objectives of business firms
• Demand analysis: Law of demand; Elasticity of demand and its measurement; Relationship between AR and MR
• Consumer behavior: Utility analysis; Indifference curve analysis
• Law of Variable Proportions: Law of Returns to Scale
• Theory of cost: Short-run and long-run cost curves
• Price determination under different market forms: Perfect competition; Monopolistic competition; Oligopoly- Price leadership model; Monopoly; Price discrimination
• Pricing strategies: Price skimming; Price penetration; Peak load pricing

Unit 4: Business Finance

• Scope and sources of finance; Lease financing
• Cost of capital and time value of money
• Capital structure
• Capital budgeting decisions: Conventional and scientific techniques of capital budgeting analysis
• Working capital management; Dividend decision: Theories and policies
• Risk and return analysis; Asset securitization
• International monetary system
• Foreign exchange market; Exchange rate risk and hedging techniques
• International financial markets and instruments: Euro currency; GDRs; ADRs
• International arbitrage; Multinational capital budgeting

Unit 5: Business Statistics and Research Methods

• Measures of central tendency
• Measures of dispersion
• Measures of skewness
• Correlation and regression of two variables
• Probability: Approaches to probability; Bayes' theorem
• Probability distributions: Binomial, poisson and normal distributions
• Research: Concept and types; Research designs
• Data: Collection and classification of data
• Sampling and estimation: Concepts; Methods of sampling - probability and non-probability methods; Sampling distribution; Central limit theorem; Standard error; Statistical estimation
• Hypothesis testing: z-test; t-test; ANOVA; Chi–square test; Mann-Whitney test (U-test); Kruskal-Wallis test (H-test); Rank correlation test
• Report writing

Unit 6: Business Management and Human Resource Management

• Principles and functions of management
• Organization structure: Formal and informal organizations; Span of control
• Responsibility and authority: Delegation of authority and decentralization
• Motivation and leadership: Concept and theories
• Corporate governance and business ethics
• Human resource management: Concept, role and functions of HRM; Human resource planning; Recruitment and selection; Training and development; Succession planning
• Compensation management: Job evaluation; Incentives and fringe benefits
• Performance appraisal including 360 degree performance appraisal
• Collective bargaining and workers' participation in management
• Personality: Perception; Attitudes; Emotions; Group dynamics; Power and politics; Conflict and negotiation; Stress management
• Organizational Culture: Organizational development and organizational change

Unit 7: Banking and Financial Institutions

• Overview of Indian financial system
• Types of banks: Commercial banks; Regional Rural Banks (RRBs); Foreign banks; Cooperative banks
• Reserve Bank of India: Functions; Role and monetary policy management
• Banking sector reforms in India: Basel norms; Risk management; NPA management
• Financial markets: Money market; Capital market; Government securities market
• Financial Institutions: Development Finance Institutions (DFIs); Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs); Mutual Funds; Pension Funds
• Financial Regulators in India
• Financial sector reforms including financial inclusion
• Digitisation of banking and other financial services: Internet banking; mobile banking; Digital payments systems
• Insurance: Types of insurance- Life and Non-life insurance; Risk classification and management; Factors limiting the insurability of risk; Re-insurance; Regulatory framework of insurance- IRDA and its role

Unit 8: Marketing Management

• Marketing: Concept and approaches; Marketing channels; Marketing mix; Strategic marketing planning; Market segmentation, targeting and positioning
• Product decisions: Concept; Product line; Product mix decisions; Product life cycle; New product development
• Pricing decisions: Factors affecting price determination; Pricing policies and strategies
• Promotion decisions: Role of promotion in marketing; Promotion methods - Advertising; Personal selling; Publicity; Sales promotion tools and techniques; Promotion mix
• Distribution decisions: Channels of distribution; Channel management
• Consumer Behaviour; Consumer buying process; factors influencing consumer buying decisions
• Service marketing
• Trends in marketing: Social marketing; Online marketing; Green marketing; Direct marketing; Rural marketing; CRM
• Logistics management

Unit 9: Legal Aspects of Business

• Indian Contract Act, 1872: Elements of a valid contract; Capacity of parties; Free consent; Discharge of a contract; Breach of contract and remedies against breach; Quasi contracts;
• Special contracts: Contracts of indemnity and guarantee; contracts of bailment and pledge; Contracts of agency
• Sale of Goods Act, 1930: Sale and agreement to sell; Doctrine of Caveat Emptor; Rights of unpaid seller and rights of buyer
• Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881: Types of negotiable instruments; Negotiation and assignment; Dishonour and discharge of negotiable instruments
• The Companies Act, 2013: Nature and kinds of companies; Company formation; Management, meetings and winding up of a joint stock company
• Limited Liability Partnership: Structure and procedure of formation of LLP in India
• The Competition Act, 2002: Objectives and main provisions
• The Information Technology Act, 2000: Objectives and main provisions; Cyber crimes and penalties
• The RTI Act, 2005: Objectives and main provisions
• Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs): Patents, trademarks and copyrights; Emerging issues in intellectual property
• Goods and Services Tax (GST): Objectives and main provisions; Benefits of GST; Implementation mechanism; Working of dual GST

Unit 10: Income-tax and Corporate Tax Planning

• Income-tax: Basic concepts; Residential status and tax incidence; Exempted incomes; Agricultural income; Computation of taxable income under various heads; Deductions from Gross total income; Assessment of Individuals; Clubbing of incomes
• International Taxation: Double taxation and its avoidance mechanism; Transfer pricing
• Corporate Tax Planning: Concepts and significance of corporate tax planning; Tax avoidance versus tax evasion; Techniques of corporate tax planning; Tax considerations in specific business situations: Make or buy decisions; Own or lease an asset; Retain; Renewal or replacement of asset; Shut down or continue operations
• Deduction and collection of tax at source; Advance payment of tax; E-filing of income-tax returns

Understanding the essence and framework of Sociology is essential for effective preparation and success in the exam. To assess readiness, candidates should analyze previous years' question papers. A tailored strategy for UGC NET Paper II: Sociology, balancing learning, syllabus coverage, and revision, is crucial for success.

1. Comprehensive Assessment of the Syllabus

Aspirants must understand the syllabus thoroughly. There are ten units in total. Unit 1 deals with sociological theory given by sociological thinkers broadly classified under sociological traditions and perspectives. Unit 2 covers research methodology and methods used to do research work in sociology. Unit 3 consists of basic concepts and Institutions that developed the academic discipline of sociology. Unit 4 covers rural and urban transformations that give insight into types of societies i.e. rural and peasant society, and Urban society and its transformations. Unit 5 deals with the State, Politics, and Development that is one of the lenses of Sociology. It covers the political processes in India, social movements, and protests. Unit 6 is about the economy and society. Unit 7 deals with the environment and society. Unit 8 consists of family, marriage, and kinship, which is also a lens of sociology. In this unit, we cover major approaches to studying family, marriage, and kinship. Unit 9 deals with science, technology, and society with an in-depth understanding of scientific change over a period of time. Unit 10 is about culture and symbolic transformations which covers religion, education, and linguistics, and is another lens of sociology. Unit 1 to Unit 4 in total cover a broad understanding of the subject. Unit 6 onwards deals with the application part of the subject.

2. Significance of Previous Years’ Questions

Candidates preparing for Paper II: Sociology should conduct a thorough analysis of past years' question papers, which will enable them to gain a clear understanding of the examination's nature and aid in effective time management. Such an analysis also improves a candidate’s comprehension of question patterns. Additionally, it allows individuals to self-assess their strengths and weaknesses in Paper II: Sociology.

3. Prioritizing Important Units

After gaining a thorough understanding of the syllabus and the types of questions asked in previous years, the next step is to prioritize the units. This prioritization is crucial as it allows you to concentrate on the units that are more frequently addressed in the examination. However, the decision on which units to prioritize should also take into account your comfort level with each unit. One effective method to gauge your comfort level in each unit is to solve a recent paper and evaluate your performance across different units.

4. Importance of Revision and Regular Mock Tests

Develop a study plan that allocates time to each topic based on its importance and your proficiency in the subject. Allocate more time to challenging topics, ensuring full syllabus coverage. Focus on note-taking and regular revision. Gather recommended textbooks, notes, and study materials for comprehensive coverage. Begin with fundamental sociological concepts, theories, and the evolution of Sociology from Western to Indian contexts. Study major sociological traditions, perspectives, types of societies, and key studies. Understand sociological lenses and concept applications. Stay updated on current affairs related to social issues, government policies, and Sociology developments.

Apart from revision, engaging in regular mock tests helps replicate exam conditions, allowing for performance assessment, focus on weak areas, and improvement of time management skills.

The Detailed Syllabus for UGC NET Paper-II (Sociology) is as follows:

Unit-1: Sociological Theory

1. Classical Sociological Traditions
   • Emile Durkheim
   • Max Weber
   • Karl Marx
2. Structure-Functionalism and Structuralism
   • Bronislaw Malinowski
   • A.R. Radcliffe-Brown
   • Talcott Parsons
   • Robert K. Merton
   • Claude Levi Strauss
3. Hermeneutic and Interpretative Traditions
   • G.H. Mead
   • Karl Manheim
   • Alfred Schutz
   • Harold Garfinkel
   • Erving Goffman
   • Clifford Geertz
4. Post Modernism, Post Structuralism and Post Colonialism
   • Edward Said
   • Pierre Bourdieu
   • Michel Foucault
   • Jurgen Habermas
   • Anthony Giddens
   • Manuel Castells
5. Indian Thinkers
   • M.K. Gandhi
   • B.R. Ambedkar
   • Radha Kamal Mukherjee
   • G.S. Ghurye
   • M.N. Srinivas
   • Irawati Karve

Unit-2: Research Methodology and Methods

1. Conceptualizing Social Reality
   • Philosophy of Science
   • Scientific Method and Epistemology in Social Science
   • Hermeneutic Traditions
   • Objectivity and Reflexivity in Social Science
   • Ethics and Politics
2. Formulating Research Design
   • Reading Social Science Research, Data and Documents
   • Induction and Deduction
   • Fact, Concept and Theory
   • Hypotheses, Research Questions, Objectives
3. Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
   • Ethnography
   • Survey Method
   • Historical Method
   • Comparative Method
4. Techniques
   • Sampling
   • Questionnaire and Schedule
   • Statistical Analysis
   • Observation, Interview and Case study
   • Interpretation, Data Analysis and Report Writing

Unit-3: Basic Concepts and Institutions

1. Sociological Concepts
   • Social Structure
   • Culture
   • Network
   • Status and Role
   • Identity
   • Community
   • Diaspora
   • Values, Norms and Rules
   • Personhood, Habitus and Agency
   • Bureaucracy, Power and Authority
2. Social Institutions
   • Marriage, Family and Kinship
   • Economy
   • Polity
   • Religion
   • Education
   • Law and Customs
3. Social Stratification
   • Social Difference, Hierarchy, Inequality and Marginalization
   • Caste and Class
   • Gender, Sexuality and Disability
   • Race, Tribe and Ethnicity
4. Social Change and Processes
   • Evolution and Diffusion
   • Modernization and Development
   • Social Transformations and Globalization
   • Social Mobility

Unit-4: Rural and Urban Transformations

1. Rural and Peasant Society
   • Caste-Tribe Settlements
   • Agrarian Social Structure and Emergent Class Relations
   • Land Ownership and Agrarian Relations
   • Decline of Agrarian Economy, De-Peasantization and Migration
   • Agrarian Unrest and Peasant Movements
   • Changing Inter-Community Relations and Violence
2. Urban Society
   • Urbanism, Urbanity and Urbanization
   • Towns, Cities and Mega-Cities
   • Industry, Service and Business
   • Neighbourhood, Slums and Ethnic Enclaves
   • Middle Class and Gated Communities
   • Urban Movements and Violence

Unit-5: State, Politics and Development

1. Political Processes in India
   • Tribe, Nation State and Border
   • Bureaucracy
   • Governance and Development
   • Public Policy: Health, Education and Livelihoods
   • Political Culture
   • Grass-root Democracy
   • Law and Society
   • Gender and Development
   • Corruption
   • Role of International Development Organizations
2. Social Movements and Protests
   • Political Factions, Pressure Groups
   • Movements based on Caste, Ethnicity, Ideology, Gender, Disability, Religion and Region
   • Civil Society and Citizenship
   • NGOs, Activism and Leadership
   • Reservations and Politics

Unit-6: Economy and Society

• Exchange, Gift, Capital, Labour and Market
• Modes of Production Debates
• Property and Property Relations
• State and Market: Welfarism and Neoliberalism
• Models of Economic Development
• Poverty and Exclusion
• Factory and Industry Systems
• Changing Nature of Labour Relations
• Gender and Labour Process
• Business and Family
• Digital Economy, E-Commerce
• Global Business and Corporates
• Tourism
• Consumption

Unit-7: Environment and Society

Social and Cultural Ecology: Diverse Forms

Technological Change, Agriculture and Biodiversity

Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Ethno-Medicine

Gender and Environment

Forest Policies, Adivasis and Exclusion

Ecological Degradation and Migration

Development, Displacement and Rehabilitation

Water and Social Exclusion

Disasters and Community Responses

Environmental Pollution, Public Health and Disability

Climate Change and International Policies

Environmental Movements

Unit-8: Family, Marriage and Kinship

Theoretical Approaches: Structure-Functionalist, Alliance and Cultural

Gender Relations and Power Dynamics

Inheritance, Succession and Authority

Gender, Sexuality and Reproduction

Children, Youth and Elderly

Emotions and Family

Emergent Forms of Family

Changing Marriage Practices

Changing Care and Support Systems

Family Laws

Domestic Violence and Crime against Women

Honour Killing

Unit-9: Science, Technology and Society

• History of Technological Development
• Changing notions of Time and Space
• Flows and Boundaries
• Virtual Community
• Media: Print and Electronic, Visual and Social Media
• E-Governance and Surveillance Society
• Technology and Emerging Political Processes
• State Policy, Digital Divide and Inclusion
• Technology and Changing Family Relations
• Technology and Changing Health Systems
• Food and Technology
• Cyber Crime

Unit-10: Culture and Symbolic Transformations

• Signs and Symbols
• Rituals, Beliefs and Practices
• Changing Material Culture
• Moral Economy
• Education: Formal and Informal
• Religious Organizations, Piety and Spirituality
• Commodification of Rituals
• Communalism and Secularism
• Cultural Identity and Mobilization
• Culture and Politics
• Gender, Body and Culture
• Art and Aesthetics
• Ethics and Morality
• Sports and Culture
• Pilgrimage and Religious Tourism
• Religion and Economy
• Culture and Environment
• New Religious Movements